Book Report :: essays research papers

Chapter 5It is exactly one month until my eighth tick off graduation, and at that point I thought eighth grade would never end It soon became 2 weeks... 1 week... and before I knew only 2 twenty-four hourss to go and Im graduating from St.Matthew School.Two days before graduation my daddy and I went to the Tuscola Outlet Mall and shopped for my graduation clothes. Since I procrastinated a lot before I finally decided it was time to buy some clothes, it was really hard to find admirable clothes that fit me So my dad and I both decided that we would try our luck over at Polo Ralph Lauren. Finally, we found some really nice clothes that fit me. I wore Khaki pants with a matching blue shirt. As we were walking out the door, I wondered if I would look good in a tie. My dad agreed that I would look good in a tie, so we drove back home, dropped off the clothes that I bought and went to another store that sells a whole bunch of ties. I found this awesome red and blue tie that looked rea lly good with the blue shirt that I bought.During school the day before graduation, I thought that school was very fun and zestful In first half of school, all we did was return our books to the teacher and talked about what we were discharge to do over the summer. The second part of the day was even more fun because we just relaxed and did completely nothing Once school ended some, a few my friends and I rode our bikes to Greg Broerens house. We just played catch and basketball. That night I couldnt sleep. I was so anxious.The next morning I woke up extremely early so that I could have enough time to get dressed with my new clothes.I didnt really eat that oftentimes breakfast, because the seventh graders were preparing us a graduation breakfast. The food was sensational except for the green-watery scrambled eggs.The principal and the head priest both gave a speech on how much the school was going to miss us.( Yeah Right) As soon as everyone finished their breakfast, we all walked to the gym for the graduation ceremony. I have two certificates, but thats alright After the ceremony, we had to sing a song in front of the whole school.

Essay --

Marketing Orientation focuses on identifying and meeting the hidden needs of the consumer (Unknown, 2013). The textbook states that there are five foodstuffing orientations social marketing, intersection pointion, strategic marketing, node and sales (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, p. 595). Avon addresses the customer, production, strategic marketing and social marketing by granting each country the independence of selecting products based on the demand of the consumer as well as to develop those products. Distribution of the products is also considered as it pertains to each individual country. For example, door to door sales are not allowed in China so Avon launched dishful boutiques, beauty country and independent stores throughout the country to accommodate the law of the land. Avons sales has increased dramatically as the company expands its footprint globally. in that location are a few reasons why Avon is so dependent on its foreign operations in comparison to the inhabitancy operations. For one, Avon recognizes that competition at home in the beauty industry has increased immensely. The business has done so well and grown so much that there is hardly any rest untouched market space in the United States for the products. To expand would mean that the company would have to take sales from competitors. A feat in my effect the company cannot easily take on. A customer can purchase whatever brand of beauty product of their choice from any store that sells that product so unless that customer is not in a position to do this they may be less likely to purchase from Avon. Additionally with security concerns organism the way they are in todays society no one takes pleasure from anyone knocking on their door trying to persuade them to bargain for a p... ... Additionally the nearness of the customer and supplier are of absolute importance to ensure costs are kept to a minimum.The current changing and competitive environment of businesses toda y is not without challenge. Avon is faced with having to compete with quick market changes and must enhance their ability to innovate as well as remain attentive to the various trade rules and differences in each country. The cost to examine and expand a product line in the global market could be very high. Having to increase quality throughout the entire product line may be tough. Delivering the rightfield products at the right cost, at the right moment and in the right quality are key factors to Avon global success. Avon must maintain an effective supply chain management system in order to save the company money as well as help to provide great value of products to the customers.

The Battle of the Bulge :: World War II History

The difference of the BulgeThe purpose of this speech for the class is to gain better knowledge of one of the most tragic and devastating battles of World state of war II, the Battle of the Bulge. To Better understand The Battle of the Bulge I will explain to you the cause of the battle, location of the battle, when it took place, who was the battle fought between, the number of soldiers involved, and the number of casualties. The prelude to the Battle of the Bulge began on a winter day in mid-December of 1944. Three powerful German divisions, were the last German offensives in the west at that cadence during World War II. They began after the Normandy invasion in June 1944. consort had forces swept rapidly through France but became stalled along the German border earlier that year in September. On December 16, 1944 taking advantage of the weather, which kept the Allied aircraft on the ground, the Germans launched a counteroffensive through the semi-mountainous and heavily-fores ted Ardennes region in Germany, and asseverated 31 miles into Belgium and blue Luxembourg near the Meuse River. Their goal was to trap four allied armies, divide the Americans and the British to force negotiated peace along the western front, and retake the vital seaport of Antwerp in Belgium. Thinking the Ardennes was the least likely spot for a German offensive, American staff commander chose to keep the thin line, so that manpower great power concentrate on offensives north and south of the Ardennes known as the bulge in the Allied lines. These American lines were thinly held by three divisions in the Allied Army and part of a forth division, while fifth division was making a local attack and the sixth division was in reserve. course of instruction sectors were more than double the width of normal defensive fronts, therefore there were more men scattered along a larger area. The German advance was halted near the Meuse River in late December. Even though the German Offensive achieved total surprise, nowhere did the American troops give ground without a fight. at bottom three days, the determined American stand and the arrival of powerful reinforcements insured that the ambitious German goal was far beyond reach. In snow and sub-freezing temperatures the Germans push down short of their interim objective- to reach the rambling Meuse River on the edge of the Ardennes. But they managed to avoid being cut off by an Allied Pincer movement.

Reconciling Injustice and Necessity: The Statesman in the Practical City :: Essays Papers

reconcile Injustice and Necessity The Statesman in the Practical CityWhen Socrates builds up a metropolis in speech from ideals, he allows himself the option of overlooking the more(prenominal) distasteful features of real human cities manifestly by omitting them from the argument. His is a city whose primary purpose is to shed light on the soul of an individual, and its role as a metaphor allows it to contain analytical conclusions which run wholly rejoinder to the feasible practices of men. Aristotle permits himself no such luxury when he sets out to describe authorities from the top d hold he cannot overlook such thorny issues as slavery and pudding stone because they exist as significant features in the makeups of men and essential be dealt with by statesmen, to whose needs Aristotle is particularly sensitive. Unlike Socrates, he cannot simply label these things unjust in the abstract and remove them from the ideal city. Aristotle, in his own exposition of an ideal cons titution, is scrupulously practical, even when practicality prevents him from endorsing what would seem to be the logical conclusions of his own arguments. His treatment of empire in the Politics, like his treatment of slaveryempires small-scale cousinreflects this ability to reconcile a notion of absolute justice to the inevitable injustices of political life.It is not immediately obvious what Aristotles verdict on empire is. The institution seems to simultaneously violate some(prenominal) of his premises for a good city and promote others, and Aristotle sets up a proportion of the arguments for both sides to address this tension. On the one hand, he perceives injustice in states whose sole purpose is to conquer their neighbors, and chastises statesmen who arbitrarily enslave others for ruling without regard to the skilful or wrong of what he is doing (VII.ii.13) . He also praises the self-contained happiness of the isolationistic state when he says, It is possible to imagine a solitary state which is smart in itselfIt will obviously have a good constitution (VII.ii.16). However, both these lines of reasoning are incomplete condemnations of empire. The first implies only that the statesman is ultimately accountable to right and wrong in his actions and must consider this hackneyed in his decision-making, not that imperialism is in itself always on the side of wrong. He sees the utter(a) isolationism of the solitary state as problematic as well, ending his description of it with, But it will have no regard to war (VII.Reconciling Injustice and Necessity The Statesman in the Practical City Essays PapersReconciling Injustice and Necessity The Statesman in the Practical CityWhen Socrates builds up a city in speech from ideals, he allows himself the option of overlooking the more distasteful features of real human cities simply by omitting them from the argument. His is a city whose primary purpose is to shed light on the soul of an individual, and its role as a metaphor allows it to contain logical conclusions which run wholly counter to the feasible practices of men. Aristotle permits himself no such luxury when he sets out to describe politics from the top down he cannot overlook such thorny issues as slavery and empire because they exist as significant features in the constitutions of men and must be dealt with by statesmen, to whose needs Aristotle is particularly sensitive. Unlike Socrates, he cannot simply label these things unjust in the abstract and remove them from the ideal city. Aristotle, in his own description of an ideal constitution, is scrupulously practical, even when practicality prevents him from endorsing what would seem to be the logical conclusions of his own arguments. His treatment of empire in the Politics, like his treatment of slaveryempires small-scale cousinreflects this ability to reconcile a concept of absolute justice to the inevitable injustices of political life.It is not immediately obvious wha t Aristotles verdict on empire is. The institution seems to simultaneously violate several of his premises for a good city and promote others, and Aristotle sets up a comparison of the arguments for both sides to address this tension. On the one hand, he perceives injustice in states whose sole purpose is to conquer their neighbors, and chastises statesmen who arbitrarily enslave others for ruling without regard to the right or wrong of what he is doing (VII.ii.13) . He also praises the self-contained happiness of the isolationist state when he says, It is possible to imagine a solitary state which is happy in itselfIt will obviously have a good constitution (VII.ii.16). However, both these lines of reasoning are incomplete condemnations of empire. The first implies only that the statesman is ultimately accountable to right and wrong in his actions and must consider this standard in his decision-making, not that imperialism is in itself always on the side of wrong. He sees the thoro ugh isolationism of the solitary state as problematic as well, ending his description of it with, But it will have no regard to war (VII.

Metaphor and Imagery in Galway Kinnells Poem, Blackberry Eating Essay

The Use of Metaphor and Imagery in Galway Kinnells Poem, berry EatingWritten in 1980, Galway Kinnells Blackberry Eating is a poem which creates a strong metaphoric relationship surrounded by the tangible objects of blackberries, and the intangible objects of words. The speaker system of the poem feels a strong friendship to the sensory characteristics (the touch, taste, and look) of blackberries. The attraction he feels at the beginning of the poem exclusively for blackberries is paralleled in the end by his appetite and attraction to words. The rush the speaker gets divulge of blackberry eating is paralleled to the enjoyment he finds in thinking about certain words words which call up the same sensory images the blackberries embody. passim the fourteen lines of the poem, the imagery of the blackberries, as well as the speakers ardor for them is explored. In the final lines of the poem, the speaker reveals the connection between the imagery of the blackberries and the image ry that is created by words. The blackberries set out the existing tangible reality of the way the speaker views words. The author savors the taste of the blackberries in his mouth in much the same way as he savors the sound of certain words on his tongue. In the first line of the poem the speaker states his fondness for going out to eat blackberries. I recognise to go out in late September... This line makes it clear that the speaker goes out voluntarily because of his desire to eat the blackberries. In the next line, the speaker describes the blackberries in vivid imagery. among the fat, overripe, icy, black blackberries. This description of the blackberries does not leave the reader to wonder about how the blackberries look or taste. The re... ...he metaphor he has created between the two objects. This allusion is elevate strengthened in the last line of the poem when the writer says of blackberry eating in late September. The ending of the poem now echoes the begin ning. The poem has interject full-circle and the correlation between the sensory experience of blackberry eating and the auditory pleasure of words has been made. Blackberry Eating is metaphorical poem about the similarities between the pleasing experience of picking and eating tasty blackberries and the auditory enjoyment of hearing the sound of certain words. Both the blackberries and the words provide a pleasurable sensory experience that the speaker collapses together and relates to in the same manner. Blackberry eating becomes a tangible experience that is used to depict the way the speaker intuitively reacts to certain words.

Metaphor and Imagery in Galway Kinnells Poem, Blackberry Eating Essay

The Use of Metaphor and Imagery in Galway Kinnells Poem, blackberry bush EatingWritten in 1980, Galway Kinnells Blackberry Eating is a poem which creates a strong metaphoric relationship in the midst of the tangible objects of blackberries, and the intangible objects of words. The talker of the poem feels a strong draw to the sensory characteristics (the touch, taste, and look) of blackberries. The attraction he feels at the beginning of the poem exclusively for blackberries is paralleled in the end by his appetite and attraction to words. The rush the speaker gets surface on of blackberry eating is paralleled to the enjoyment he finds in thinking about certain words words which call up the same sensory images the blackberries embody. passim the fourteen lines of the poem, the imagery of the blackberries, as well as the speakers ardor for them is explored. In the final lines of the poem, the speaker reveals the connection between the imagery of the blackberries and the image ry that is created by words. The blackberries befit the existing tangible reality of the way the speaker views words. The author savors the taste of the blackberries in his mouth in much the same way as he savors the sound of certain words on his tongue. In the first line of the poem the speaker states his fondness for going out to eat blackberries. I cognise to go out in late September... This line makes it clear that the speaker goes out voluntarily because of his desire to eat the blackberries. In the next line, the speaker describes the blackberries in vivid imagery. among the fat, overripe, icy, black blackberries. This description of the blackberries does not leave the reader to wonder about how the blackberries look or taste. The re... ...he metaphor he has created between the two objects. This allusion is notwithstanding strengthened in the last line of the poem when the writer says of blackberry eating in late September. The ending of the poem now echoes the b eginning. The poem has come full-circle and the correlation between the sensory experience of blackberry eating and the auditory pleasure of words has been made. Blackberry Eating is metaphorical poem about the similarities between the congenial experience of picking and eating tasty blackberries and the auditory enjoyment of hearing the sound of certain words. Both the blackberries and the words provide a pleasurable sensory experience that the speaker collapses together and relates to in the same manner. Blackberry eating becomes a tangible experience that is used to depict the way the speaker intuitively reacts to certain words.

Explain the Hardware, Software and Peripheral Components of a Computer System and the Functional Relation Between These Components

Explain the knockoutwargon, bundle and peripheral components of a calculator system and the functional relation between these components. Fig functions of the direct systems (1) 1-Hardware Hardware consists of physical equipment of the computer. We specialize equipment within the Case such as Power supply it is the equipment that receives electricity from a DC current and converts it to a alternative current AC for the postulate of the computer. The power supply may depends on the motherboard of the computer because the wattage varies depends on other equipment inside the computer.Fig 3 power supply (4) The motherboard it is the main equipment of the computer. On it are stored and connected every(prenominal) other equipment. The motherboard is the central piece of the computer. We have many others components installed on the motherboards such as microprocessor, RAM, controller Fig 4 the motherboard (5) Microprocessor it is the consciousness of the computer. it means that all the operation on the computer are made by the microprocessor. It is also known as CPU (central processing Unit). it give the sack be measured in megahertz (MHz) or in Gigahertz depending of computer. he performance of the microprocessor is so important that it is essential to any customer to be aware(predicate) of the number of calculations it can perform before buying a computer 23. for example, Dell Optiplex 990 works with Intel Core i3 2100 (3. 1GHz). Fig 5 microprocessor (6) RAM it is Random gate memory. its role is to store instructions or data for a possible processing and its storage is temporally. it holds a list of instructions of an information that is currently working. it can be gatewayed randomly, it means that it does not have to look in the storage catch (hard phonograph bear witnessing) from the start to find a piece of interest 23.When we switch strike the computer any storage within the RAM, will be erased that is why we say the storage is temporally. RAM is the main memory because we can quickly access any files in the hard disk. Fig 6 RAM (7) ROM it stands for read merely memory. ROM differs from RAM in two ways commencement exercise it is not changed or erased after the computer is assembled, you can read it but cannot write on it, and second it remains unchanged even after the computer is turned off. 23 Fig19 ROM 22 Hard disk it is the component where data, files, operational systems are saved. t stored large amount of data depending on its size. the records stored are not volatile as in the RAM, but it remains until it is changed or deleted. it is measured in bytes. today we noticed that computer are almost hard disk capacity of 40 gigabytes. this performance of the disk capacity is one of the main measure when we are buying a computer. 23 Fig 7 the hard disk (8) Drive controllers its role is to control data transfer to and from the hard disk. it is a circuits that allows the CPU to communicate with the hard disk and the othe r kind of disk admit. or example the controller talks to the keyboard and to the mouse to enable the CPU to read information from them(2). we have aim controller such as IDE(integrated drive electronic) and SCSI (small computer systems interface) Fig 8drive controllers (9) CD-ROM Drive we use this drive to play and read CD-ROM (DISK COMPACT Read only memory) in the computer. we can also play audio CD. a typical capacity of the CD ROM is about 650 megabytes. they are now being overtaken by DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) because of their large capacity storage up to 3. 9 gigabytes. 23 Fig 9 CD ROM drive(10)Floppy drive we use this drive to save or read data in a floppy disk. a floppy disk is a small and removable storage devices that record data in square plastic jacket. fig 10 floppy disk drive (11) 2- Software The computer software are programs that controls the computer hardware. They didactics the hardware and tell them what to do and how to do it. We have many kinds of software operating systems software, application software, and drivers. Operating systems it is a program that controls and manages the computer in every task. it controls the input and the output of the computer such as disk drives or scanner.Two of the main features of the operating systems are -multi user it means that two or more users can run programs at the same time, it is used particularly with mainframe and minicomputer (3) -multitasking it means that it is able to execute more than one task at the same-time. For example we can play melody in the computer and use the write a document in Microsoft word. We have many type of operating systems -Windows (XP, VISTA, Windows 7) -Mac OS X -Linux there are additional operating systems that we find on the computer. We called them systems tools of the computer. e use them for the routine maintenance. routine maintenance is opposite method we take to keep our computer safe and without problems. we have tools such as Disk defragmenter it is a tool that we use to keep our computer running play quickly and efficiently. it organizes and consolidates data on the hard disk, allowing the systems to run faster. we have to use it at least every week. 17 Disk cleanup it is a tool that enables us to free space in the hard disk and improve the performance of the computer. we use it to remove and delete programs such as temporally internet files, or programs that we ont use. 17 Backup, 17 Application software they are programs designed to handle specific types of information and achieve useful results. We distinguish many kinds of application software -word processing in those applications we can create text documents. E. g. Microsoft word -database in those applications we can create and edit data records. E. g. Filemarker pro -presentation graphics we have the initiative to draw, create 2D and 3D graphics. E. g Corel Draw -media player with those applications we can play Video, MP3, and other audio formats. E. g.QuickTime playe r It facts application software depends on platforms and operating systems. for example there are some applications that cannot work in Drivers there is a program that controls a particular hardware device. Devices such as keyboard, varan and printer are controls by a driver. Without those drivers the devices cannot function properly. 3-Peripheral components of the computer the peripheral components of the computer can be input or output devices such as Monitor it is a device made as a screen where information is represented. it is one of the most important peripheral components of the computer.Fig 11 oversee (12) Keyboard it is a device that we use to write or enter data text into the computer. Fig 12 keyboard (13) Mouse it can be defined as a device composed of one or many button that we used to select or to choose specific things through a cursor in a screen. fig 13 mouse(14) Printer it is a device that we use to represent physically text or graphic data or information stored i n the computer. We represent it through a paper. we have many kinds of printer Dot matrix printer it can print up to two hundred characters per seconds the print head is hammered very rapidly over the paper.Laser jet printer and ink jet printer. fig14 ink jet printer (15) electronic scanner it is a input device used to scan or copy pictures, text to the computer. fig 15 scanner 16 Digital camera it is a device that we use to record video. We can transfer our recorded video to our computer, and edit them, or email them to friends. fig 16 digital camera19 Loudspeakers we use these devices to play music or to use some application that involves sound hearing. fig 17 computer loudspeakers 20 Microphone we use microphone to create or record a voice or a sound . ometimes we use it for communicating with friends via internet. 18 fig 18 computer microphone 21 References 1-www. cisco. co. uk 2-http//encyclopedia2. thefreedictionary. com/Hard+drive+controller 3-http//www. webopedia. com/TERM/ M/multi_user. html 4-http//trustcomputers. co. uk/index. php? main_page=index&cPath=2 5-http//www. teach-ict. com/gcse/hardware/parts/miniweb/motherboard. htm 6-http//www. cpu-world. com/CPUs/K10/TYPE-Sempron. html 7-http//www. pcextreme. net/news/your-ram-check-it/ 8-http//www. novell. com/coolsolutions/appnote/16837. html 9-http//www. techarp. om/showarticle. aspx? artno=388&pgno=2 10- http//www. powersourceonline. com/buy-equipment/ibm-Parts/10K3782/31776879-10K3782-cy-en. jsa 11_http//www. darlingtoncomputerrepairs. co. uk/index. php? main_page=product_info&cPath=58_100&products_id=87 12- http//www. lcd-monitor-reviews. com/lcd-monitor-reviews/iiyama-AS4611UT-lcd-monitor-review. html 13- http//voices. canonical. com/joey. stanford/2007/11/ 14- http//www. tomshardware. com/reviews/microsoft-breeds-unique-mice,1554-2. html 15-http//www. inkandmedialtd. co. uk/blog/epson-r300-inkjet-printer-review/ 16-http//www. letsgodigital. rg/html/events/PHOTOKINA-2004/news/epson/PERFECTION-418 0_en. html 17-http//www. microsoft. com/atwork/maintenance/speed. aspx 18-www. camcorderinfo. com/content/Glossary. htm 19-http//digital-cameras-planet. com/ 20-http//www. comparestoreprices. co. uk/Trust-computer-speakers-reviews. asp 21-http//www. custom-product. com/wholesale-items/662/714-1/computer-microphone-cm-9002-129285. html 22-http//www. novopc. com/2008/09/rom-read-only-memory/ 23- Brendan Munnelly, Paul Holden, 2000, ECDL3 the complete coursebook, Prentice Hall, Redacteurs Software Documentation Limited 2000

Fast Food Thesis

CHAPTER I PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING INTRODUCTION Like e rattling other country, the food industry has flourished very well in the Philippines. Filipinos especially students love to eat and thats the reason why you give see a lot of restaurants and warm foods restaurants scattered in the cities. These restaurants and fast food can be local or international food chains. Filipino food and chefs argon considered one of the best in the world.It is just now surprising that Filipino food is often labelled as somewhat strange (like the balut for example) but in its own way, its food is a unique concoction of eastern and western cuisines and reflects the history of Philippines. The Filipino food includes dishes and cooking procedures from China, Spain, Mexico, United States, and more recently from further abroad. Fast food generally refers to the type of restaurants that change quick, inexpensive take-out food. During a relatively brief period of time, the fast food industry has helped to transform not moreover diet, but also landscape, economy, workforce, and general culture.The howling(prenominal) growth of the fast food industry has been obsessed by fundamental changes in society. The whole experience of buying fast food has become so habitual, that it is now taken for granted, like brushing your teeth or stopping for a red light. However, what makes them Filipino is the history and society that introduced and adapted them. The people who false them to their tastes and accepted them into their homes and restaurants, and specially the harmonizing culture that combined them into modern Filipinos fare.Students preferred some of the most popular fast food chains in the Philippines and these are Jollibee, Mcdonald, KFC, Chowking, Mang Inasal and numerous more and we wonder why? BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Fast food industry is popular all over the Philippines, the source of its innovation and many major(ip) fast food chains are based. The presence of multi-nationa l fast food chains like McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut, Jollibee, Greenwich and many more have somewhat catered to the senior high income segment therefore developing a niche as upscale fast food chains.The development in the nutrition industry and technologies had a keen contribution to the quick development of the fast food nutrition system. Such developments have changed the nutrition habits and preferences of people. Additionally, fast food chains are not the only or even the primary source of fast food in the Philippines. Many local chains have developed to compete with other popular fast food chains and provide menu items that appeal to the unique tastes and habits at comparatively low costs. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe purpose of this study is to recognise the most well-liked fast food chains here in the country. The purpose of the study is to answer these pursuit questions 1. What is the demographic profile of our respondents? 2. What promotional channels are used by food mar keters to reach children or students? 3. If food promotion is shown to have an effect, what is the extent of this influence relative to other factors? 4. What is the most prefer fast food chains of Grade 10 students in Sacred Heart College? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis research study was conducted to provide helpful ideas, concepts, and information to the following Students This research study will help students to identify their type of fast food according to their taste and budget. Parents This research study will help the parents to facilitate their child better in terms of their health and other nutrition facts coming from fast food chains. Fast Food Restaurant Owners This research will also help owners of different fast food chains to identify their strengths and weaknesses when it comes to serving food to their student customers. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONThe study covered by our group is all about the children/students who prefer fast food chains and if the foods that they eat are healthy. These fast food chains target the minorities and teenagers. DEFINITION OF foothold Fast food food that is a take-out restaurant that is quick, convenient, and usually cheap. Demographic Profile-Information about the population of a particular place, how much they earn, spend. Respondents-a group of specificpersonswhorespondsormakesreply. Promotions-Generally, promotion is communicating with the public in an attempt to influence them toward buying your products and/or services.

Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 5

gull was still muttering as he rounded the backcorner of the house. What was he regular(a) doinghere?It wasnt easy to get into the garden area fromoutside. He had to bushwhack through the oergrownrhododendron bushes and blackberry canesthat formedadense hedge all around it. And yetwhen heemerged from a tunnel of leathery greenleaves, the scene in front of him didnt immediatelyregister. His impetus kept him passing play for a fewsteps before his brain caught up.Hey, wait. Theresa girl here.A pretty girl. Anextremelypretty girl. He could seeher clearly by the back porch light. She had hiplengthwhite-blond hair, the color that commonly onlypreschoolers have, and it was as fine as a childs hair,too,whipping around her wish pale silk when shemoved. She was smallish. Little bones. Her hands and feetwere delicate.She was wearing what give eared standardized an oldfashioned nightshirt and dancing to what sounded care arent-to-own commercial. There was a battereddock radio on the por ch steps. There was also a blackkitten that took one look at Mark and darted away(p) into the shadows.Baaad cred-it,nooo cred-it, dooont wor-ry,weeell suffer you. the radio warbled. The girldanced with her arms above her head-light as thistledown,Mark thought, staring in astonishment. Really,actu ally that light, and so what if it was a clicheAs the commercial ended and a country western song began, she did a twirl and saw him. Shestopped,frozen, arms still above her head, wristscrossed. Her eyes got big and her mouth sagged open.Shes scared, Mark thought. Of me. The girl didnt look graceful now she was scrambling to seize thedock radio, fumbling with it, shaking it. Trying to find an Off switch, Mark realized. Her desperation wascontagious. Before he thought, Mark dropped the dress shears and swooped in to grab the radio fromher. He twisted the top dial, cutting the song short. Then he stared at the girl, who stared backwith widesilvery-green eyes. They were both breathing tim eing place ing quickly, as if theyd just disarmed a bomb.Hey, I hate country western, too, Mark utter aftera minute, shrugging.Hed neer talked to a girl this way before. besides then hed neer had a girl look scared of him before.And so scared-he imagined he could see her heartbeating in the pale blue veins beneath the translucentskin of her throat.Then, suddenly, she stopped flavor terrified. Shebit her lip and chortled. Then, still grinning, she blinkedand sniffed.I forgot, she verbalize, dabbing at the corner of her eye. You dont have the same rules we do.Rules close country western music? Mark hazarded. He liked her voice. It was ordinary, noncelestial. It made her seem more human.Rules round any music from outside, she utter. And any TV, too.Outside what? Mark thought. He said, Uh, hi. Im Mark Carter.Im wear out Redfern.Youre one of Mrs. Burdocks nieces.Yes. We just came utter intimately night. Were going to livehere.Mark snorted and muttered, You have my condolences .Condolences? Why? Jade cast a darting glance around the garden.Because living in Briar Creek is just approximately moreexciting than living in a cemetery.She gave him a long, fascinated look. Youve lived in a cemetery?He gaveher along look. Uh, actually, I just meant its boring here.Oh. She thought, then smiled. Well, its interest to us, she said. Its different from wherewe come from.And just wheredo you come from?An island. Its sort of near She considered. The state of Maine.The state of Maine.Yeah.Does this island have a name?She stared at him with wide green eyes. Well, I cant tell youthat.Uh-okay. Was, she making fun of him? But at that place was nothing like mockery or sly teasing in herface. She looked mysterious and innocent. perchance she had some kind of kind problem. The kids atDewitt High School would have a field day with that. They werent very tolerant of differences.Look, he said abruptly. If theres ever anything I can do for you-you know, if you ever get introub le or something-then just tell me. Okay?She tilted her head sideways. Her eyelashes actually cast shadows in the porch light, but her verbiagewasnt coy. It was straightforward and assessing,and she was looking him over carefully, as if she neededto figure him out. She took her time doingit. Then she smiled, making little dimples in her cheeks, andMarks heart jumped unexpectly.Okay, she said softly. Mark. Youre not silly, even though youre a boy. Youre a just guy,arentyou?Well. . .Mark had never been called upon to be a good guy, not in the TV sense. He wasntsurehow hed measure up if he were. I, um, hope I0am.Jade was looking at him steadily. You know, I just decided. Im going to like it here. She smiledagain,and Mark found it hard to breathe-and then her sort changed.Mark heard it, too. A wild crashing in the overgrown tangle of rhododendrons and blackberrybushes atthe back of the garden. It was a weird,frenzied sound, but Jades reaction was out of all proportion. Shehad frozen, frame tense andtrembling, eyes fixed on the underbrush. She looked terrified.Hey. Mark spoke gently, then touched hershoulder. Hey. Its all right. Its plausibly one of thegoats that got loose goats can jump over any kind of fence. She was shaking her head. Or a deer.When theyre relaxed they sound just like people walking.Its not a deer, she hissed.They come down and eat peoples gardens a. night. You probably dont have deer roamingaroundwhere you come from-I cantsmellanything, she said in a kind of whispered wail. Its that stupid pen. Everything smells likegoat. She couldnt smell ? Mark did the only thinghe could bet of in response to a statement like that. Heput his arms around the girl.Everythings okay, he said softly. He couldnthelp but notice that she was chill out and warm at thesame time, supple, wonderfully alive underneath the nightshirt. Why dont I take you deep down now? Youllbe safe there.Leggo, Jade said ungratefully, squirming. I mayhave to fight. She wriggled out of his arms andfaced the bushes again. Stay behind me.Okay, so sheis savage. I dont care. I conjecture I sleep together her.He stood beside her. Look, Ill fight, too. What doyou think it is? Bear, brush wolf ?My brformer(a).Your . . . Dismay pooled in Mark. Shed just stepped over the line of acceptable craziness.Oh.Another thrashing sound from the bushes. It was definitely something big, not a goat. Mark was just enquire vaguely if a Roosevelt elk could have wandered down the hundred or so miles from WaldoLake, when a scream ripped through the air.A human scream-or, worse,almost human. As it died, there was a wail that was definitely inhumanitstarted out faint, and then suddenly sounded shrilland dose. Mark was stunned. When the drawn-out wailfinally stopped, there was a sobbing, moaning sound, then silence.Mark got his breath and swore. What in thewhat wasthat?Shh. Keep still. Jade was in a half-crouch, eyes on the bushes.Jade-Jade, listen. Weve got to get inside. Desperate, h e looped an arm around her waist,trying to pick her up. She was light, but she flowed like water out of his arms. Like a cat that doesntwant to bepetted. Jade, whatever that thing is, we need agun.I dont. She seemed tobe speaking through herteeth-anyway there was something odd abouther diction. She had her back to him and he couldnt see her face, but her hands were clawed.Jade,Mark said urgently. He was scared ampleto run, but he couldnt leave her. He couldnt.No good guy would do that.Too late. The blackberry bushes to the south quivered. Parted. Something was coming through.Marks heart seemed to freeze solid, but then he found himself moving. Pushing Jade nearly aside.Standing in front of her to face whatever the thing in the dark was. Mary-Lynnette kicked her way through the blackberry canes. Her arms and legs were scratched, andshe could feel ripe, bright-black berries squishing against her. Shed probably picked a bad place to getthrough the hedge, but she hadnt been thinking a bout that. Shed been thinking about Mark, aboutfindinghim as fast as possible and getting away from here.0Just please let him be here, she thought. Let him be here and be okay and Ill never ask for anythingelse.She struggled through the last of the canes into thebackyard-and then things happened very fast. The scratch linething she saw was Mark, and she felt a rush of relief. Then a flash of surprise. Mark was standing in front of a girl, his arms displace like a basketball guard. As if to protect her from Mary-Lynnette.And then, so quickly that Mary-Lynnette could barely follow the motion, the girl was rushing at her.And Mary-Lynnette was throwing her arms up and Mark was shouting, No, thats my sisterThe girl stopped a foot away from Mary-Lynnette.It was the little silvery-haired one, of course. Thisdose Mary-Lynnette couldsee that she had green eyes and skin so translucent it almost looked like quartzcrystal.Jade, its my sister,.Mark said again, as if anxiousto get this establis hed. Her namesMary-Lynnette.She wont hurt you. Mare, tell her you wont hurther.Hurt her? Mary-Lynnette didnt know what he wastalking about, and didnt want to. This girl was asweirdly beautiful as the others, and something abouther eyes-hey werent ordinary green, but almostsilvery-made Mary-Lynnettes skin rise ingoose pimples.Hello, Jade said.Hello. Okay, Mark, cmon. Weve got to go. Like right now.She expected him to agree immediately. He wasthe one who hadnt wanted to come, and now herehewas with his most dreaded phobia, a girl. But instead he said, Did you hear that yelling? Could you tellwhere it came from?What yelling? I was inside. Come on. MaryLynnette took Marks arm, but since he was asstrongas she was, it didnt do any good. Maybe I heardsomething. I wasnt paying attention. Shed beenlooking desperately around the Victorian living room,babbling out lies about how her family knew whereshed gone tonight and expected her back soon. How her father and stepmother were such good frie ndsof Mrs. Burdocks and how they were just waiting at home to hear about Mrs. B.s nieces. She stillwasnt sure if that was why theyd let her go. But for somereason, Rowan had finally stood up, givenMaryLynnette a grave, sweet smile, and opened the front door.You know, I bet it was a trencherman, Mark was saying to Jade excitedly. A wolverine thatcame down from Willamette Forest.Jade was frowning. A wolverine? She considered. Yeah, I guess that could have been it. Ive neverheard one before. She looked at MaryLynnette. Is that what you think it was?Oh, sure, Mary-Lynnette said at random. decidedly a wolverine. I should ask where her auntieis, she thought suddenly. Its the perfect opportunity to catch her in a lie. Ill ask and then shellsaysomething-anything, but not that her auntsgone up north for a little vacation on the coast. And then Illknow.She didnt do it. She simply didnt have the courage. She didnt want to catch anyone in a lie any longershe just wanted to get out.Mark, plea se He looked at her and for the first time seemed tosee how upset she was. Uh-okay, he said. And toJade Look, why dont you go back inside now?Youll be safe there. And maybe-maybe I could comeover again sometime?Mary-Lynnette was still tugging at him, and now, to her relief, he began to move. Mary-Lynnette headedfor the blackberry bushes that shed trampled coming in.Why dont you go through there? Its like apath, Jadesaid,pointing. Mark immediately swerved,taking Mary-Lynnette with him, and she saw a comfortable gap between two rhododendron bushes atthe back of the garden. She would never have seen it unless she knew what to look for.As they reached the hedge, Mark turned to glance behind him. Mary-Lynnette turned, too.From here, Jade was just a dark silhouette againstthe porch light-but her hair, lit from behind, lookedlike a silver halo. It shimmered around her. MaryLynnette heard Mark draw in his breath.You both come back sometime, Jade said cordially. Help us milk the goats like A unt Opalsaid. She gave us very strict orders before she went on vacation.Mary-Lynnette was dumbfounded.She turned back and reeled through the gap, her head spinning. When they got to the road she said,Mark, what happened when you got into the garden?Mark was looking preoccupied. What do you mean what happened? Nothing happened.Did you look at the place that was dug up?No, Mark said shortly. Jade was in the gardenwhen I got there. I didnt get a chance to look atanything.Mark was she there the whole time? Jade?Did she ever go in the house? Or did either of theother girls ever come out?Mark grunted. I dont even know what the othergirls look like. The only one I saw was Jade, and shewas there the whole time. He looked at her darkly. Youre not still on this Rear Windowthing, are you?Mary-Lynnette didnt answer. She was trying to gather her scattered thoughts.I dont believe it. Butshe said it. Orders about the goats. Before her aunt went on vacation.But Rowan didnt know about the goats be fore I told her. Id swear she didnt know. And I was so sureshe was winging it with the vacation business.Okay, maybe I was wrong. But that doesnt mean Rowan was telling the truth. Maybe they didfigure thestory out before tonight, and Rowans just a lousy actress. Or maybe 0 Mark, this is going to sound crazy but Jade didnt have, like, a cellular phone or anything, didshe?Mark stopped dead and gave Mary-Lynnette a long, slow look that said more dearly than wordswhathe thought of this. Mary-Lynnette, whatswrongwith you?Rowan and Kestrel told me that Mrs. B. is on vacation. That she suddenly decidedto take avacation just when they arrived in town.So? Jade said the same thing.Mark, Mrs. B. has lived there for ten years, and shes nevertaken a vacation. Never. How couldshetake one starting the same day her nieces come to live with her?Maybe because they can house-sit for her, Mark said with devastating logic.It was exactly what Rowanhad said. MaryLynnette had a sudden feeling of paranoia, like someone whorealizes that everyone around her is a pod person, all in on the conspiracy. She had been aboutto tell himabout the goats, but now she didnt want to.Oh, geta gripon yourself, girl. Even Mark is beinglogical The least you can do isthink about this rationallybefore you run to Sheriff Akers.The fact is, Mary-Lynnette told herself, savagely honest, that you panicked. You got afeelingaboutthosegirls for some reason, and then you forgot logic completely. You didnt get any kind of hard shew.You ran away.She could hardly go to the sheriff and. say that shewas suspicious because Rowan had creepy feet.Theres no evidence at all. Nothing except She groaned inwardly.It all comes down to whats in the garden, shesaid out loud.Mark, who had been walking beside her in frowning silence, now stopped. What?It all comes back to that again, Mary-Lynnettesaid, her eyes shut. I should have just looked atthatdug-up place when I had the chance, even if Jadesaw me. Its the only real eviden ce there is so Ivegot to see whats there.Mark was shaking his head. Now, look-I haveto go back. Not tonight. Im dead tired. But tomorrow. Mark, I haveto check it out before I goto Sheriff Akers.Mark exploded.Before youwhat?he shouted, loud enough to raise echoes. What are you talking about, goingto the sheriff?Mary-Lynnette stared. She hadnt realized how different Marks point of view was from hers. Why, shethought, why hes -240 You wanted to check out where Mrs. B. was-so we checked where Mrs. B. was, Mark said.They told us where. And yousawJade. I know shes a little differentits like you said about Mrs. B. sheseccentric. But did she look like the kind of personwho could hurt somebody? Well, didshe?Why, hes in love with her, Mary-Lynnettethought. Or at least seriously in like. Mark likes a girl.Now she was reallyconfused.This could be so good for him-if only the girl werent crazy. Well, maybe even if the girl wascrazyif itwasnt a homicidal craziness. Either way, Mary-Lynnette couldn t call the police on Marks new girlfriendunless she had some evidence.I wonder if she likes him, too? she thought. They certainly seemed to be protecting each other when Iwalked in.No, youre right, she said aloud, glad that shed had practice lying tonight. She doesnt looklike thekind of person who could hurt somebody. Ill just let it drop.With you. And tomorrow night when you thinkIm starwatching, Ill sneak over there. This time bringingmy own shovel. And maybe a big stick to fend off wolverines.Do you really think you heard a wolverine over there? she asked, to change the subject.Um maybe. Mark was slowly losing his scowl. It was somethingweird. Something Ive neverheard before. So youre going to forget all this crazy stuff about Mrs. B., right?Yeah, I am. Ill be safe, mary-Lynnette was thinking. This time I wont panic, and Ill make surethey dont see me. Besides, if they were going to kill me, they would have done it tonight, wouldnt they?Maybe it was Sasquatch we heard yelling, Mar ksaid.

Evacuation, Second World War Coursework Essay

Source B shows the contradict sides and is more personal that the first inauguration. Extracted from an interview with a instructor in 1988, the teacher remembers being evacuated with the school children. The interview was made in 1988 many years after the war so the lady would be of old age. Her memories whitethorn be woolly and not of great accuracy, and as it will confine been create verbally up by the interviewer it is secondary information. She may be influenced on her views of elimination after the war and so be biased against it, even though it saved so many lives at the time.She describes the children as being too hangdog to talk, which I feel may have been true. Children were being taken away from their families and boarding a train where neither themselves or the teachers knew where they were going, as the teacher quotes we hadnt the slightest idea where we were going and we put the children on the train and the gates closed behind us. The worry and anxiety affected the parents above all, and from this source it suggests that the mothers pressed against the iron gates calling good-bye darling.Even though they were told not to come they trailed behind desperate to sp fetch up the last moments with their children. Mothers were persuaded into allow their children go by the government and the propaganda around at the time and were even considered selfish if they did not allow their children We do not know who the source is written by, just that it is from an interview. There does not seem to be a real purpose to this interview, but just to perhaps contribute the information gathered to a history book or other merely informative purposes, as the interview took place so long after the war was over.There would be no need therefore for the lady to lie or twist the truth purposefully. And no purpose of the interviewer to convert her information into propaganda or such, so I thin the interview is fairly trustworthy to that extent Source C was written in 1973 and was published a long time after the end of the war. This makes it a secondary source, as it has not come directly from the mouths of the children or the parent parent. Written by a lady presumably for the purpose of educating children on evacuation, language and content is dulled slightly to be more appropriate for children.If it had been a book for adults it would have been described differently. The children would not have titterd but would have been offended by the automatic presumption of poverty. They may have even explained that their slippers would not fit in the case. Written for children, no bad points would have been inserted and childlike language will have been used. The source may lose reliability due to being edited for children as children are not to be unresolved to the negative side of evacuation.This is not a source, which shows the failure or success or evacuation, but if it was to highlight one over the other I would govern it shows the successes mo stly. I know from other information that one of the main products of evacuation was the sudden realisation from the middle class of the poverty and poor education of children and adults musical accompaniment in the slums. Shown here in the source the woman does presume they are too poor to have slippers, and is embarrassed that she presumed they would own some.Even though the children giggle about it, it is very serious that some children evacuated were too poor to have slippers and some too poor to form the necessary kit of items required. The kindness of the foster parent towards the children and the understanding of her taking them both acknowledging they were siblings show other successes of evacuation. However this was not always the case. Another foster parent may have been negative towards the child or children, and some foster -parents only had room for one.

Best Fit vs Best Practice

Meaning of Best Fit and Best Practice The terms exceed fit and best practice ar used in strategic human resource management literature. The best fit approach refers to the strong using human resources management (HRM) to their particular strategies and adapting to the firms condition and the environment referring to workforce character and business strategy. With the use of the Best Fit Approach the SHRM can become more flexible to the reply change of the organizational life cycle start-up, growth, maturity and renewal/decline.For example, Met Wholesale had chosen low cost strategy to sustain its position in trade in industry. Thereby under this approach supportive HR practices like employing part-timers, fresh graduates, and by applying training systems will be applied. The outcome will be that the mathematical operation cost will be reduced and they will achieve its goal. On the other hand the Best Practice approach speculate that there is a exact set of HR practices that are applied in almost any organization context which succors in the increase in performance to expect outcomes which may be valuable for all stakeholders particularly employees.It is based on the idea that there is a set of best HRM practices and its application will help to superior organization performance. This practice could be source from other competitors successful strategy. For example, emphasizing the enhancement of employees abilities or knowledge and skills through near(a) recruitment and strong training. Another can be through incentives and a reward system the firm can place emphasis for motivating sought after behaviour.Also, by better trained and motivated employees they would have more contribution of ideas and participation. What separates the two approaches, is that the Best Fit relates to firms competitive strategy where the SHRM will be knowing according to the firms condition and the environment, where as for Best Practice, the firm is able to refer other firm s successful strategy or general best practice model to improve the firm itself.

Bureaucratic Practices In Educational Institutes

bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to fudge impressivity, usually in large organizations and government. As opposed to adhocracy, it is represented by standardized procedure (rule-following) that dictates the execution of most or all processes within the body, baronial division of powers, power structure, and relationships. In practice the interpretation and execution of policy can lead to informal influence.Of the most famous political persons responsible for the making of bureaucracy, and its effectuate on society would be Max Weber, the German sociologist who set the course of the field in foundations of Administration and Politics. Weber established there were three contrary types of authority which helped to set the spirit level of public administration and helped to direct the forms of government which exist today. The three types of authority that dominate the governmental and societal settings of the present argon traditional, charismatic, an d legal rational.The third type of authority is the type which we are most familiar with. Legal rational authority dominates the modern world, and can easily be thought of as a closed system of regulations and rules forming a bureaucracy. This authority is purely devoted to impersonal and functional purposes, thus giving the perfect stage for bureaucracy, where all focuses are impersonal and functional alone. the bureaucratic system of organization is primarily characterized by the existence of a series of relatively stable iniquitous circles that stem from centralizations and impersonality (Crozier, 1964, p 193)Bureaucracy in Educational Organizations Bureaucracy manifests itself in schools in the several ways. One key feature of a bureaucratic organization is figurehead of a formal hierarchical structure. Each level in a bureaucracy controls the level below and is controlled by the level above. A formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision making. In the school setting, the school head teacher tops the hierarchy, followed by his deputy. The teachers come next, then the prefect. The students duplicity at the bottom of the hierarchy.A bureaucracy runs by some well defined rules. Controlling by rules allows decisions made at high levels to be executed consistently by all lower levels. In the school, there are certain rules that students are supposed to abide by. The teachers also have a general write in code of conduct which they are supposed to observe. In a school, there is functional specialty. Every teacher has a special subject that he/she teaches, and is non expect to venture into other subjects. This is another key feature of a bureaucracy. some other characteristic of a bureaucracy is purposeful impersonality, whereby the idea is to treat all employees equally and customers equally, and not be influenced by individual differences. In the school, a school head is not supposed to talk to his children, who attend the sc hool, about family matters. He is supposed to act like he does not know them in any other way apart from that they are his students. A school can therefore be said to be a typical bureaucracy. During volunteer work at Thika Primary school, I noted several cases in which bureaucratic tendencies of the school, led to compromised resultsHow Bureaucracy Causes Poor Results In Schools Bureaucracy has been hailed as an excellent system of management in the organizations. In fact, no single system of administration has been adopted much widely that the bureaucratic system. Unfortunately, the system has largely failed to impress in education institutions, especially the academic institutions. During the course of volunteer work, this fact was manifested in a come of cases. Bureaucracy in school leads to a situation whereby students find it extremely difficult to secure audience with the head teacher.This is because, for a student to report a line to the head teacher, he has first to repo rt to the class prefect, who informs the teacher. The teacher informs the deputy head teacher, who consequently forwards the issue to the head teacher. In this case, addressing the problem takes a painstakingly long period of time. If the issue required fast action, the intervention might come too late. The student ends up bearing the brunt of a bureaucratic system, which reflects negatively on his academic instruction execution.This case was evident in Thika Primary School, whereby several children admitted to have want audience with the head teacher, with little success. Another negative consequence of bureaucracy notable is in the procurement of learning resources. The process of purchasing books for the school takes too long, since approval must be sought from the head teacher, who takes the issue to the board of governors for a final decision on whether to place a tender. The tender is advertised and awarded to a book distributor.This whole process can take more than one scho ol term, delaying the time that the students have to interact with the books. This consequently leads to poor results. At the time of volunteer work, several drool books had been ordered for purchase, but the process was taking too long. Bureaucratic practices in academic institutions also dent school student performance, whereby students are given substandard feedback of their performance in a term. Here, the rules oblige the head teacher to write his feedback on the students performance, in the report form.However, due to the large poem of students, he is not able to follow up the individual performance of each student. What he does to fulfill his obligation is fill all the report forms with the aforesaid(prenominal) comment, for example, fair. The student ends up not well guided on how well or bad he has performed. In such a case, he does not know whether he is faring poorly and needs to improve, or is performing well and needs to improve. This leads to bad grades in the subs equent terms. Conclusion It is important that schools toss bureaucratic tendencies that lead to poor academic performance of the students.The head teacher must ensure that he is approachable, not seated in some hierarchically elevated seat. Process of purchasing learning resources must be made faster and simpler. Once such steps have been taken to streamline how schools run, the performance of the schools will improve, and the students will be able to achieve their academic goals and career ambitions References Bureaucracy. Anti Essays. Retrieved October 23, 2008, from the World Wide Web Crozier, M. The Bureaucratic Phenomenon . 1964. London Tavistock Publications. http//www. antiessays. com/free-essays/1895. html www. wikipedia. org/bureaucracy

Analysis of Meditation IV by John Donne Essay

The opening statement of John Donnes Meditation IV sets a disposition for the whole article. ..Except God, Man is a petty to nonhing (Donne 23) is saying man is bigger than the military personnel excluding the fact that God conquers and controls tout ensemble. Man is in control of his own life, unless God controls his fate. It is also stating that the world is nothing in comparison to man and is not as complex. Donnes numerous comparisons between homosexual anatomy and nature shows how mans complexity overcomes the world and is therefore considered bigger than it. Mans veins are used in comparison to simple rivers and muscles to hills to justify his complexity over the world. This analogy is used to show just how closely related public are to nature, yet still closer in comparison and controlled by God. God is the puppet master of all, and has fixed the order of nature (Aquinas 79) . He has make man the only species with direct connection to Him. The Lord says, The works that I do, he also shall do, and greater than these shall he do (87).Donne continues his comparison by stating as the whole world hath nothing, to which something in man doth not answere, so hath man many pieces, of which the whole world hath no representation (Donne 23). This means that man canful relate to anything in the world, however the world does not have got the capacity to do the same. He goes on to state that even though Gods savages are e actuallywhere, not just in the sea, and are born giants physically in comparison to humanness, their mental competence is nothing in contrast to man. Donne states that Gods creatures reach everywhere knowledge domain and sea, Earth to Heaven, merely his thoughts are comprehended by all.Donne writes of two different worlds where monsters and diseases coexist and awake(p) with matchless another. The world in which there are monsters is a representation of the Earth. Animals are able to cure themselves, so they are able to survive and live harmoniously each animal is able to coexist and live independently. The world of disease is one which has been created by the military personnel and representing the human body. They are so consumed with conquering everything and everyone they have acquired diseases for which there is no name because there are so many within the world. The diseases have become entangled and have formed new ones.Donne is saddened by the separation of the worlds and the macrocosm dependency on animals and dissimilarremedies. He cannot understand how we can have so many diseases without names and remedies. Donnes analogy of Hercules and a Physician does give a physician heroic characteristics, but also can be perceived negatively. The over exaggeration of the physicians position makes it seem like he is fighting monsters instead of disease and as if he existed on Earth instead of within his own human body. The line, hee must(prenominal)ers up al the forces of the other world, to succor this al l Nature to relieve Man (24), explains the preliminary statement by saying that the physician uses the knowledge of Earth to cure the human body of disease. Donne feels like the physicians need to take from the monsters world is degrading and humans should be able to exist without the need of animals.Donne thusly tries to bankrupt himself from the physician and say the physician is different than the typical man. We have the phisician, but we are not the physician (24). He will not be considered in the same hierarchy as the physician, even though a physician is human. Because the physician must resort to animalistic means to cure disease, he is considered lesser in Donnes eyes even though he previously believed God placed all of human kind on the same level. He goes on to state that we shrink back to Gods set standards for us, sink into our dignity and respect for other creatures, and have the physician do all the dirty work.Donne then goes on to list different animals that do cu re themselves of ailments. The Hart can distinguish which herbs can fail a predator and make it vomit up the poison. A dog that is attacked knows he can be cured by eating grass.Donne mentions the Drugger, which is the closest creature to Man, because he simply supplies the medicine. The Drugger, unlike the physician, does not find the cures or have to consult the animal world. Because the Drugger cannot cure himself of disease, he must seek advice from the physician to be healed.Donne speaks of the innate instinct to cure oneself that humans do not have and infers that creatures with that instinct are top-notch to those without.This contradicts his previous stance that humans are original to all and are Gods gift to the world. It seems now he believes that animals are the superior beings and God is working through them instead. He is disappointed by his own species and tries to separate himself from human beings. By his analysis of the physician, he is able to make himself feel superior and less inadequate for not being able to cure himself.Donne then refers back to his previous stance of human position and discredits it completely. He proposes the question, whats become of mans great extent and proportion, when himself shrinkes himselfe, and consumes himselfe to a handfull of dust?(25) It seems as if he is trying to get in out what will happen if humans become so dependent upon animals for all aspects of life. What will be left for humans to do if animals become superior and take over everything? The comparison to a handful of dust may be an overstatement, but a metaphor to the humans usefulness at the very least.The question, whats become of his soaring thoughts, his compassing thoughts, when himself brings himself to the ignorance, to the thoughtlessnesse of the Grave? (25) puts man at the animalistic level and says they have the thought capacity of a simple animal. The reference to the Grave lowers humans even more to the afterlife and a corpses inabi lity to do anything. This reference refers back to Donnes previous statement that humans will eventually be useless, but takes it a step further and makes them as useful as a corpse. The Grave also is an allusion to God and his ability to control life and the fate of everything.Donne ends his meditation with a restatement on his final stance on Earth vs. the human body. He believes humans are able to live within world of disease, but do not have the capacity to heal themselves like animals do. They are therefore inferior and the physician is even lower because he is a human that must heal other humans, but still cannot heal himself like animals are. Animals are able to live independently and do not rely upon one another to survive. If one species died, they have to ability to adapt and overcome any problems. Donne feels that humans would not be able to do this. At first he believes God made humans strong and able to conquer all, but he contradicted himself and talked his way out of that belief.Bruce Boehrer states that,relative anthropocentrism associates large and variable subsets of the human community to a greater or lesser extent with the realm of nature, while reserving full human statues only for specific, arbitrarily defined social groups (Boehrer 17) . Boehrer may be inferring that humans choose when to use the talents God specifically gave them, which would not make them inferior as Donne states, but rather superior for not wasting energy on characteristics not given to them, but using inferior creatures to cure them.Works CitedDonne, John. Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions. Ann Arbor, MI U of Michigan P, 1990.Aquinas, St. Thomas. Summa Theologiae. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Book Company.Boehrer, Bruce. Shakespeare Among the Animals How To Do Things With Animals. Palgrave.

Childbirth and Development Essay

1-1.2 Connections between emergence and learningThere is a bulletproof connection between using and learning as children need to develop certain skills in order to learn and likewise the penury to learn something new poop help a child develop further skills. For example, for a bollocks to learn to walk there necessitate to be a level of coordination and growth and therefore by learning to walk has improved both the childs physical study and recognotion.Variations in the put and sequence of development and learningAll children develop at their bear rates be give birth of both genic and environmental factors. eruditeness difficulties. Some children excite difficulties which prevent them from learning in the same way and the causes can be medical conditions, chromosomal conditions and others atomic number 18 not yet understood. However, this doesnt mean that children with learning difficulties will have this problems in all areas of development. Some children will have de velop some skills better than others the ability to draw, to socialize etc. Giftedness. Some children are seen as inteligent truly early. We whitethorn notice that some children tend to defraud easily and they can learn new skills very quick.This is thought to be linked with a arrogate environment and a strong genetic component ( Heinemann Book). Stimulating environment and the aquisition of language. Children whom are given touch on experiences and more opportunities are likely to develop faster. Language aquisition is strongly linked to the time children spend or so adults and quality interaction. Attachment. If a child feels loevdand unhazardous it makes it easier to acheve their full potential. Strong relationships are the foundation for every childs development. Learning in different way. Children learn by copying from adults but besides by learning from their own experiences. For todlers and babies it is actually most likely that they learn from doing rather then from being taught.The importance of dawdle frivol is an essential disperse of every childs development. Through play children develop skills in all ares of development. Good play helps them be happy and explore, but can also teach them about materials, social skills. Play begins very early on in babies lives as long as they have an adult who can pursue with them. ( Heinemann book)1-1.3 All children develop at their own rates, but some of them do because of difficultiess linked during conception, pregnancy and birth.Pre-conceptual care. heretofore before a baby is conceived, the quality of their parents life style can have a wide impact on their development. Future parents should think about giving up on smoking, cutting pig the alcohol, taking folic acid suppliments and avoiding recreational drogs. It is also advised not to start having a family to late cause it gets harder for some women to conceive. Conception. In the moment of conception the fertilised egg will have 23 chromoso mes from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother which determine the childs development. This mixing is actually a natures draught as some medical conditions are the result of genetic combination. Pregnancy. During pregnancy the baby can be unnatural by the health of their mother as well as by the lifestyle.Factors that may affect the child are stress, diet and alcohol. The first 12 weeks of pregnancy are when the foetus is most assailable and during this time the foetus becomes recongnisably human.( Heinemann Book) Substance abuse. The effects of drugs can be devesting for the baby especially in the first 12 weeks but even after. All pregnant women are advised not to usurp any drugs unless advised to do so by a doctor. Alcohol. Alcohol can enter a babies blood streem and can have serious effects. A special condition known as foetal AlcoholSyndrome affect childrens cognitive development including their concentration. Infections. Some infections such as food poisoning, rub ella, or sexual transmitted diseases can put the uninnate(p) at risk.Maternal health.Maternal diet. The baby needs nutrients for his/hers well-being so the diet of the mother plays an eventful part throughout the pregnancy. Diet is particularly important during the first 12 weeks when the lack of mineral called folic acid can cause spina bifida. Overall women dont need a special diet when they are pregnant but they need to have a balanced one. They sould also avoid eating certain foods such as unpaasteurised cheese, soft cheese and Brie, blue cheesee which can cop the bacteria listeria which can cause miscarriage, premature delivery or severe illness in a new born baby. This can also be found in some pate and consume fish., raw or partially cooked eggs, raw and undercooked meat. feature.Assisted birth. Most women give birth vaginally but sometimes a Caesarean section is given. A Caesarean may be planned or may have to be carried out at short notice if there are difficulties when giving birth. Birth trauma. The main danger for babies during birth is the lack of oxygen but this is relatively rare and most babies are born safely. Prematurity and multiple births. A babys development can be affected if they are born before the full term of pregnancy. Full term is considered to be between 38 and 42 weeks. Some babies may be premature as a result of medical incumbrance or mothers may go spontaaneusly into labour.survival rates for premature babies has increased as a result of engineering and advances in medical understanding.the extend to which development is affected variesand is linked to how early the child is born.The last fewer weeks are vital for the baby as they gain weight during that period and the babys oragns and skittish system matures. Babies born between 35 to 38 weeks are usually mature enough to hunt down and breath and so long term development is not affected but babies who are born much earlier will need significant medical support in order t o persist and are usually place in the incubator that is designed to keep the baby warm and safe from infection. Premature babies are at higher risk of developing hearing or sight problems and also learningdifficulties .1-1.4 Current researchThe latest research into the development and learning of babies and young children centres on the learning abilitys organize and function. Now it came to light that early stimulus are vital to the childs healthy development of the brain. Along with stimulation it also seems that sufficient sleep and a healthy diet makes a dissimilitude in allowing connection to be made. The scientific discipline that looks at the brain development is known as neuroscience. This is a relatively new area of research and has been helped by the technology of brain scans. Brain development begins well before birth. Special brain cells are called neurons and are formed between tenth and ordinal week. These cells are very important as they will eventually join to gether to allow the brain to fubction normally.Babies who enjoy and are stimulated and enjoy a rich environment of sensations and movement shoud develop strong and dense synapses ( network of connections which enable neurons to transmit electrical impulses, so passing information from one part of the brain to another Heinemann Book) that will cope with prunning. On the other hand babies who are deprived of stimulation and language may lose out as prunning seems to take away synapses that are not employ and it is now clear that these cannot be replaced later. As a result of all the research there is a strong emphasis on the early yeaars sector on creating an enabling and stimulating environament and providing good receptive opportunities for babies and toddlers.

Health Status of African American Men Essay

Introductionenquiry and technological advance custodyt made in the unify Stated of America (USA) has led to the amendment of health outcomes among the citizens of this country. People atomic number 18 existing longer, cures are being developed daily, and many unanswered health questions are being answered then ever before. However, despite this multitude of improvement in the health status of Americans, African American men are disproportionately affected by health inequalities as compared to their Caucasian men. This report willing identify a minority group and offer relevant information of the f functionors that preclude minorities from gauge health care, with noned barriers and interventions that will lead to improved health care and achieve the goal of character reference life styles for not just one culture of bulk, but all people in the United States.Identifying health disparities in African American handsAfrican American men pick up the highest death rate rates and the lowest life expectancy rates among women and men in all of the racial and heathen groups in America. The mortality rate for African American men is about 1.3 generation that of blanched men. look expectancy for African American men is 70 years old compared to White males living to long cartridge holder 76 (Xanthos, 1998). The death rate for blacks are 3 times higher than whites, due to the social and scotch conditions of poerty, unemployment, stress, education, neighborhoods and their disproportionate risk for disease (Net wellness, 2014). African American men die 2.5 times to a greater extent than White men from prostate cancer African American men are 8 times to a greater extent likely to die from HIV African American men are 2 times morelikely to develop heart disease and 3 times more likely to develop hypertension (Mens Health). When compared to White men, African American men development diseases earlier, suffer from more severe diseases, and have less doorway to medical care.The most disturbing fact to access to care is that White men are more likely to go through state of the art intercession than African American men. The development of race and gender has been rooted in severalize status. This widespread behavior has been seen since the founding of this nation. Class has been employ as a way to Indirectly suppress the poor in all sectors of life. It is the ways in which access to a variety of social goods such as the employment, housing, power education and income are distributed in this country.Many of the questions and issues regarding this have been and continue to adversely affect the health of African American men. Having the understanding that in that respect are barriers that are difficult to address in any one health promotion, and being up to(p) to rethink how these barriers function in the lives of African American men, will result in likely mastery in promoting quality healthcare. How is Health promotion defined by this group?Life style plays a major role in the prevalence of chronic disease. Given the factors that impact racial discrimination concerning the health care of African American men, we can start by promoting policies which address all racial discrimination. We moldiness strengthen anti-discrimination legislation that addresses unemployment. We reform and improve the interactionwith African American male students, by change magnitude funding to the African American communities, which would lead to having more market sufficient African American men in the work force. We must also address the racial biases in the criminal system, reducing the number of African American in our jails. If we use the landmark law, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), we will enable everyplace 30 million people with much needed health insurance coverage. With the provisions of the ACA not sole(prenominal) will health insurance coverage be accessible, but provisions link to disparities be reduced, entropy co llection and reporting will be more effective and inclusive of quality improvement and prevention. This act will promote prevention and wellnessprograms, giving all people more control over their health care (Sebelius, 2011). According to the Healthy People 2020, one of the goals is to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities and improve the health of all groups.By tracking death rates, acute and chronic diseases, injuries and all health related behaviors, this will assist health care providers become more proficient in diagnosing and providing treatment in the areas of cardiovascular disease, cancer, HIV and diabetes plot being culturally competent (Healthy People, 2020). Our local, regional, and national organizations must scoop up an action role in providing guidelines to develop comprehensive health care interventions that are designed for people of all cultures (Argondezzi, 2001). The successful strengthening of infrastructures to prioritize the challenges of reducing hea lth disparities of African American men will achieve the much needed sources to eliminate unequal treatment.Exponents for social justice and equality have go along to disseminate information on the importance of addressing this problem. Many professional organizations, governmental and non- governmental bodies such as WHO and Public Health Organizations as well as individuals like Paul Farmer and Barbara Ehrenreich have been wide awake on the forefront either directly or indirectly in advocating for social justice. Given the multi-faceted personality of the problem Barbara Ehrenreich a writer by profession and PhD by education, conducted an proveal study on carve up in the United States of America by self experiencing the reality of living as a get off dissever citizen with a reject and unskilled paying job in her book entitled plate and Dime (Ehrenreich, 2008). Nickel and Dime is a non fictitious writing that depicts the social association of America. Barbara Ehrenreich, is a newsperson and a writer who decided to experiment on how unskilled low wage workers are able to live on their minimum wages.To experiment the effects of living as a lower class citizen in this country, she decided to live in three different states month by month while living on just what she made as an unskilled worker. Her decision first took her to Key West, Florida, where she begun on the job(p) as a waitress in a restaurant. She was able to find an affordable living appointment in a trailer on the outskirt of the city. Acknowledging that one job could not pay her living expenses, she sought asecond job as a hotel maid. The physical demands of both jobs resulted in Barbara passing her second job. She was unable to complete the whole month before moving to Portland to continue her next experiment (Ehrenreich, 2008) .In Portland, she found a job as a maid with a residential housekeep service. There she also took a second job as a dietary aide in a nursing home in order to meet her monthly livingexpenses. She was indirectly constrained to work seven mean solar days a week to meet the need of paying her monthly rent, nourishment and clothing. She became an advocate for her co-workers while working as a maid, even though, she was able to win a day off for one of her co-workers who had sustained an injury at the job but afraid of losing her job kept working while injured (Ehrenreich, 2008) . Barbaras final destination on her experiment was in Minneapolis, atomic number 25 where she was hired to work at a Wal-Mart store, putting clothes on shelves. In Minnesota she was not able to afford an expensive apartment due to her salary.The apartment vacancy rate in Minneapolis was so low that she had to stay in motels until she completed her experiment. Barbara had advocated for the lower class through her book, regarding the experience that lower class citizens go through in terms of self esteem, housing, education and power. She highlighted the deplorably conditions and humiliation that they face for each one day at work. She summarized some of the reasons why wages are kept low, the rationale for the humiliation, the yelling on and the psychological derailment of their self esteem that keeps them in a lower salary while the upper class reap off all the benefits from their hard labor in an exchange for coffee and donuts at times instead of a pay raise (Ehrenreich, 2008). There is a direct correlation between lower class and poor health.ConclusionHealth disparities are often measured in terms of income, education, wealth, political science or influence and occupation. The combination of these factors including race and gender often determine our social worth. The experiment of Barbara Ehrenreich is a great example of discrimination, disparity, and she was a woman. African American men experience much more and receive much less.Looking at different cultures is not new to nurses, even Florence Nightingale analyzed her creation to det ermine the care and services that were needed. Understanding and influencing culture, economics, the physical environments of our patients health practices, while assisting them to access to care will lead to promising outcomes (Jones, 2014).As quoted by Kathleen G. Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, It is time to refocus, reinforce, and repeat the message that health disparities exist and that health equity benefits everyone.ReferencesArgondezzi, Theresa (2001). The Many Faces of Health Care Disparities in Minority Health. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from http//www.nursing.advanceweb.com/Article The -Many Faces-of-Health-Care-Disparities Minority. Barbara Ehrenreich (1999). Nickel and Dimed. Retrieved November 14, 2014 from http// www.wesjones.com/ehrenreich.htm.Health and Human Services. A Nation Free of Disparities in Health and Health Care. Retrieved November 13, 2014. http//minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/files/Plans/HHS/HHS_Plan. Jones, Linda (2014). Letting Data Lea d the Way. Retrieved November 14, 2014 from http// www.nursing.advanceweb.com/Archieves/Article-Archive/Letting-Data-Lead-the-Way. Mens Health Consulting. African American Men Experience Disproportionate Risk for Disease and Death. Retrieved November 15, 2014 from http//www.menshealth.org/code/ afroamer.html.Sebelius, Kathleen. Secretary, Health and Human Services

Literary Criticism of Atonement from Psychological Trauma View

In s coreeen century, was a Greek word which means s basedalize. Later, Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries used it to describe a kind of psychic damage that occurs as a result of distressing and disturbing events or experiences. When a someone is go round such highly stressful events analyzing and coping with it is not an easy process.In this paper we consider the division of psychological detriment in Atonement by Ian McEwan, defining first of all the concept and hence studying its processes of formation and effects on the main character, Briony Tallis. According to Pearlman and Saakvitne, psychological trauma is an event which is a special experience of a person that needs to be confronted.As a take of fact, The individuals ability to integrate his/her emotional experience is overwhelmed, or the individuals experiences (subjectively) a threat to animation, bodily integrity, or saneness (p.60). Also, Jon Allen, a psychologist, in his A Gui de to Self-Understanding (1995) said that It is the subjective experience of the objective events that constitutes the traumaThe much you believe you argon endangered, the more traumatized you will be. Psychologically, the bottom line of trauma is overwhelming emotion and a feeling of utter helplessness. There may or may not be bodily injury, provided psychological trauma is coupled with physiological upheaval that plays a leading role in the long effects (p.14).Psychologists categorized trauma into two groups fleshly trauma based on serious physical damages or lashs to the body from war, physical injury, sexual abuse, illness, torture, rape, and genocide emotional or psychological trauma is based on the inability to recover the full mental capacities of an individual, either in his personal or social life or any emotional shock or injury that cause a sentimental damage to spirit health.It can range from depression, anxiety, different kinds of phobias to post traumatic stress d isorder. Therefore, trauma is among those things that happen in everyday life which a person can experience by itself or witness of serious injuries, violence even death, putting the individual into a terrible note followed by fear, helplessness or horror.In fact, trauma is not the event itself precisely the effect that has on the person like, Brioneys belief just about the event that happen in fountain. Atonement is a metafiction raw written by Ian Russell McEwan in 2001. Its events occurred in three different periods of time firstly, in 1935 in England at Tallis familys building, secondly during World War II in England and France, thirdly nowadays in England.The story tells about a abundant mistake that an upper-class girl committed as a teenager that led to enter lives. This thirteen years girl had a big imagination as a young writer. As an braggy she always wanted to confess that event but this process did not happen until she completed her novel as an aged author, at la st, in England.That mistake influenced on her life and also her style of compose until her novel ended with a kind of imaginary situation that gave her a chance to make up for her mistake. Ian McEwan was born in 1948 in England. His father was an alcohol addict and had spousal abuse toward his mother and the about interesting things about his life, is that Ians mother suffered from vascular dementia, the same disease that Brioney Tallis the heroine of Atonement also suffered from.To bring with the novel Atonement, events began with a kind of mis down the stairsstanding that occurred for Brioney. Her sister, Cecilia, came to fountain while Robbie, their servants boy, was watching her almost unadulterated body. Her sister looks ashamed and wear her clothes in front of him.Brioney was in her puberty age and didnt manage about sexual relationship as well, so she thought that if he is watching Cecilia in that situation, at that place must be something wrong about his behavior. Sh e could not cope with this event and her mind was busy with it during that day. On the other hand, somewhere Brioney was telling her memory about his love experience to her friend.We could realize that she loved Robbie as a child while she did not know about sexual relationship and her love was pure. She threw herself into a deep river to see Robbies reaction and measure his feeling toward herself. It is almost clear that she was jealous of Cecilia and when she understands that Robbie tends to her sister, this makes her idea stronger about Robbie and his sexual problem.Brioney was under a pressure of event in the fountain which another event happened. Robbie leave behinds Brioney a letter to render her sister which was containing sexual words about Cecilias body. She reads that letter without permission before give it to her sister and it causes to be sure about her belief. She could not cope with it and talks about it with her cousin, Lola, they found Robbie as a sex maniac and de cides to protect Cecilia against him.At night, Brioney saw Cecilia and Robbie in the library in the pith of their sexual affair that made a great shock for her. She thought that they committed a huge mistake that she never could realize it so her behavior against Robbie changed, became aggressive, and started to hate him. During dinner the family realized that the twin cousins are gone so all of them went to the woods to find them.In the woods, Brioney saw a rape against Lola under a flashlight in her hands. For the second time she experienced a huge shock in one night and these stressful and disturbing chain of events made her nervous and caused that she connected all of her experiences with from each one other without thinking and saw Robbie as a sex offender.It was obvious that Brioney did not experience a rape and were just a witness but this subject caused a great fear and shock for a teenager in her age of puberty so she could not have recognized and stately true situations . This psychological trauma was a reason which she could not able to think carefully about what she saw and her mind automatically omitted a part of her observation. She professed that Robbie was the person who act that rape and caused his detection.By move the novel, it become clear that as Brioney grows up, her mind is busy about past events and doubt her witness. She becomes a bear during the war to reduces her sense of sin and when suddenly see a news about the engagement amongst Lola and Paul Marshal, who came to their house with her brother in the year that those events happened, her mind becomes active and she tries to remember the exact things which occurred those days.At last, after passing about five years from her fearful experience, she could recall her memories in peaceful situation and remembers the face of person who act rape, it was Paul Marshal. She wants to make up her mistake and withdraw her testimony but it was too late for Robbie and Cecilia because both die d in the war so she uses her talent in writing a novel as a means of confessing.Brioney experienced a psychological trauma during her young ages of her life that made an irreparable mental damages for her whole life. Therefore by seeing the effects of psychological trauma in the all aspect of main characters life, can be concluded that trauma can puts serious effects on individuals mental and physical health that accompanies an individual for his/her entire life.CitationMcEwan, Ian. Atonement.Random House, 2005.Ellam, Julie. Ian McEwans Atonement. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009.Pitt, Daniela. The deputation of trauma in Ian McEwans novels Atonement and Saturday. Diss. 2010.What Is Psychological Trauma? Sidran.org, www.sidran.org/resources/for-survivors-and-loved-ones/what-is-psychological-trauma/. what is trauma? https//us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/11559_Chapter_1.pdf wound up and Psychological Trauma. Emotional and Psychological Trauma Healing from Trauma and Movin g On, www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/coping-with-emotional-and-psychological-trauma.htm.

Differential Pricing and Segmentation on the International Hotel

Differential determine and cleavage on the meshing the case of hotels Rama Yelkur Assistant professor of Marketing, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA female horse Manuela Neveda DaCosta A Professor of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA Hotels, Service industries, Pricing, Segmentation, Loyalty, mesh Key backchats Introduction In the 1950s, commercializeers spy that, if they gave their customers what they wanted Abstract and did it better than the controversy, their In the ever-changing electronic barters grew.With the advent of the network, environment of the 21st traffickers accommodate access to the technology to century, legal injury is one of the key customise crops and communicate strategic elements that is oft overlooked by firms. The melodic theme directly with sm every(prenominal)er target marts. The addresses derivative instrument price in Internet is now firmly established as a business line-to-consumer elec tronic merchandise putz. It serves as an integral routine physician, in particular of the good deal mix, serving as a digital first derivative pricing for hotel run inter spay on the Internet. istribution channel as salutary as an electronic Hotels argon able to pay back reward storefront. of first derivative pricing for various When a firm establishes a presence on the fragments beca substance ab substance abuse the securities industry for Internet, its selling activities, including hotels evict be divided into narrow customer segments. An overview advertising, pricing, and distribution, should of e-commerce and Internet reflect characteristics unique to the modal(a) selling is provided. The to help consumers realize the prise added characteristics of products sold over tralatitious manners. online and differential pricing ar discussed.Pricing policies for onConsumers in the Internet medium are line marketing are examined with to a greater extent than just nonoperational recipients in the a special emphasis on differential marketing process (Hoffman et al. , 1995). The pricing, customer loyalty and Internet is an interactive medium as opposed segmentation. With the help of secondary data, online pricing to traditional marketing which usually strategies utilize by hotels on the allows only one-way communication (Peters, Internet are evaluated.Finally, 1998 Sandelands, 1997) from marketer to conclusions are drawn and implications for the hotel industry consumer. re discussed. Many diverse vendors, from florists to manufacturers of durable goods, as well as function providers such(prenominal)(prenominal) as airlines and hotels have rushed to do business on the Internet. In graze to effectively market on the World Wide Web (the Web), companies need to evaluate the basic components of the marketing mix product, monetary value, place, and promotion. In the ever-changing electronic environment of the twenty-first century, firms must ide ntify and sustain matched advantage in order to survive. Price is one of the key strategic elements that is often overlooked by firms (Yelkur and Herbig, 1997).In the on-line setting, companies have the opportunity to utilize price to build competitive advantage by enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty by meeting Management Decision 39/4 two hundred1 252261 MCB University Press ISSN 0025-1747 The trustworthy issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http//www. emerald-library. com/ft the demands of specific segments which have the potential to improve the firms profit position. How much impact is the Internet really having on the market mix, specially pricing?Is it changing the approach to pricing or is it merely complementing traditional pricing practices? Our paper addresses differential pricing and segmentation in business-to-consumer electronic commerce, in particular differential pricing for hotel services sold online. The consumer segments in the hotel industry are based on custom, situation, and frequency of use. Hotels are able to take advantage of differential pricing for various segments because the market for hotels sens be divided into specific customer segments (Awh, 1998 Yelkur and Herbig, 1997).The more specific the segment, the easier it is to estimate demand the knowledge of demand is essential to adopting a differential pricing strategy. This paper is organized as follows An overview of e-commerce and Internet marketing is provided. The characteristics of products sold online and differential pricing are discussed. Pricing policies for online marketing are examined with a special emphasis on differential pricing. The importance of customer loyalty and segmentation and their relationship to differential pricing on the Internet are emphasized.With the help of secondary data, online pricing strategies used by hotels on the Internet are evaluated. Finally, conclusions are drawn and implications for the hotel indus try are discussed. The growth of e-commerce assembly line conducted over the Internet is commonly referred to as electronic commerce or e-commerce. E-commerce is changing the way firms do business. In 1999, e-commerce minutes accounted for over $150 billion in sales and it is predicted that this gist will augment to $3 trillion by the year 2003 (The Economist, 2000). E-commerce 252 Rama Yelkur and Maria Manuela Neveda A DaCosta Differential pricing and segmentation on the Internet the case of hotels Management Decision 39/4 2001 252261 transactions come in many another(prenominal) forms. panel I displays an e-commerce matrix that illustrates the difference among these various types of transactions by giving examples Business-to-business transactions allay account for 80 percent of all e-commerce business but consumer-to-consumer, consumer-to-business, and business-toconsumer (the object of this study) transactions are judge to grow astronomically in the next decade.Accordin g to an Internet consulting firm (Forrester Research, as cited in The Economist (2000)), business-to-consumer trade in the USA amounted to close $20 billion in 1999 and could r severally $184 billion by 2004, which is about 5 percent of USAs retail trade. Product characteristics that facilitate Internet marketing Some areas of retailing and commerce may be particularly well desirable for the Internet, given indisputable characteristics (see get across II). For business-to-consumer marketing, as proposed by Peterson et al. 1997), products and services in the context of the Internet mountain be classified on the basis of . apostrophize and frequency of purchase . value proposition and . differentiability. Products can vary from low cost, frequently purchased goods (ex coffee), to amply-cost, infrequently purchased goods (ex car). In general, for goods for which purchase fulfillment requires physical delivery in a short time, the Internet is not an steal mode of delivery (Pete rson et al. , 1997).For an industry such as hotels, where a transaction can be blameless without physical delivery of the product and the frequency of purchase is comparatively low and the cost is relatively high (when compared with consumables such as coffee), the Internet is a more efficient medium for firms to use to conduct business. The suitableness of the Internet in any case depends on the tangibility of the product. Internet marketing is practically well suited for certain types of services. For example, it is now widely used for banking and other financial services.When the value proposition is intangible and the frequency of use higher(prenominal), the greater is the advantage of the Internet as a transaction and distribution medium. The transport and delivery of the goods are an burning(prenominal) consideration. Clearly, it is easier to sell lighter goods over the Internet than bulky and heavy ones. Then, on that point are those that can be delivered electronically like software, music, and certain services like banking, insurance, travel and hotels. The 1999 top-ranking products in the US market in terms of online transactions were computer hardware/ software, travel, financial brokerages, and collectables.In fact, intangible or symbolic reading products such as airline tickets or hotel modestys gain tangibility on the Internet medium. Internet marketing can result in extreme price competition when products are similar, because other factors that moderate competition (ex store location) are absent. However, when products and services are capable of significant differentiation, the Internet can serve as a method of segmenting consumers and directing them toward the appropriate product or service, as is the case Characteristics of Internet marketingThe Internet represents an extremely efficient medium for accessing, organizing, and communicating study. As such, the Internet subsumes communication technologies ranging from the written and spo ken word to visual images. Internet marketing is one of the newest distribution channels marketers use to reach the customer. It is different from traditional channels in that it is also a communication network. Like all communication networks, the Internet is all about establishing and reinforcing connections between people.The Internet has been growing rapidly in the second half of the 1990s and instantly it is available in approximately 38 percent of US households (Nielsen Media Research, 2000). No medium including television has reached the 50 million-user mark in four years (Strauss and Frost, 1999). The integration of the Internet as a technological tool as well as a delivery medium with traditional marketing has transformed the processes firms use with which to conduct business. Table I The e-commerce matrix Business Business B2B GM/Ford EDI networks C2B Priceline Accompany Consumer B2C virago E*trade C2C EBay QXLConsumer ejaculate The Economist, 2000 253 Rama Yelkur and Maria Manuela Neveda A DaCosta Differential pricing and segmentation on the Internet the case of hotels Management Decision 39/4 2001 252261 in the hotel industry. The hotel product is relatively expensive, infrequently purchased, has an intangible value proposition, and rates high on differentiation from competing products. As a result, sellers are able to tingle a higher price based on the match between the buyers needs and the nature of the product offering.In a traditional setting, such personalization would turn out to be relatively expensive. Yelkur and Herbig (1997), are condoneed below study a target market The broad target market for a business is already chosen when the product is positioned. The firm needs to divide its broad target market into smaller segments. Differential pricing The model of price discrimination or differential pricing used by Cannon and Morgan (1990) provides an important analytical insight into many discriminatory pricing practices.The prices ch arged by a firm practicing differential pricing are usually not proportional to the marginal costs incurred in producing the service. When firms adjust their prices agree to customer, location or product, they are said to follow the strategy of segmented pricing or differential pricing (Strauss and Frost, 1999). It is not unusual for businesses to offer varying prices for consumers by age group, for example, senior citizen discounts. In addition, customers can be speciated based on customer type, for example, the business customer versus the individual customer.Businesses can also offer different prices for products based on location for example, the pricing of a hotel room in San Francisco, California, would be different from a similar room in Phoenix, Arizona. Finally, firms frequently price products differently not ineluctably based on cost, but rather on the willingness to pay. For example, firstclass airline tickets are always priced much higher than economy fares (Strauss a nd Frost, 1999). In summary, segmented pricing can be based on three major factors customer type, location of product or service, and product or service offering.It is also possible to customize prices based on the profile provided by the customer, as is the case for hotel services sold online. The five locomote a firm must take to achieve a differential pricing policy, as illustrated by The essence of any customer service strategy is to segment the customer to be served. It is important to differentiate between market segmentation and customer service segmentation. Customer service segments differ from traditional market segments in significant ways. Customer service segments tend to be narrower (Davidow and Uttal, as cited in Yelkur and Herbig (1997).In addition, the narrower the segments, the more unvarying they tend to be, making it easier to estimate consumer demand for each segment. Another factor that cannot be overlooked is the usage situation. Segmentation needs to take into account the what, where, how and why of demand. As demand is a result of the interaction of a person with the environment, a segmentation perspective that includes both the person and the situation is needed to explain the demand. In service industries such as hotels, distinct lines can be drawn, say, to divide different types of customers such as the vacationer or the business traveler.The usage situation thus gives the firm a guideline for customer service segmentation. Once customer segments are identified, the next step is to estimate the demand for each of these segments. Divide the target market into smaller customer service segments Steps for differential pricing Table II Product characteristics matrix for hotels Cost and frequency of purchase Relatively high cost infrequently purchased Value proposition Intangible Service-related good Degree of differentiation Significant differentiation possible Source Based on the Peterson et al. (1997) model 254 Customer demand ca n be estimated by a method suggested by Oren et al. (1984), which proposes that there are many customers in a target market, each with different characteristics summarized in an index, say, t, indicating customer type (based on the customer service type). Assuming that there is a continuum of types with indices in the interval t0 t t1. The fraction of the population whose types are less than an index t is given by a distribution function H(t) (which forms the customer segment as described in the previous section) that is assumed to be sustained and strictly increasing. It implifies notation to let s = H(t) be this fraction so that t = H(s), and s is uniformly distributed on the interval 0 s 1. One can use s to denote a customer rank or customer type. Although this method is more suited to physical goods markets, it can be applied to service markets as well. In Estimate demand for each customer segment Rama Yelkur and Maria Manuela Neveda A DaCosta Differential pricing and segmentat ion on the Internet the case of hotels Management Decision 39/4 2001 252261 practice such estimations should be substantiated with both historical and estimated market data.Reservation price indicates the maximum amount a customer is willing to pay for a good or service (Guiltinan, 1987). The making price of the customer indicates her willingness to pay and is the underlying benchmark for setting different prices for different customer segments. Classifying customers by the value they place on the service provides a rough estimate of the cost of satisfying them as well as the price they are willing to pay. Firms run in service industries can use differential pricing only if they can estimate the distributions of the reservation prices.The amount by which the reservation price exceeds the substantial price is the consumer surplus. The reservation price (Rp) would therefore depend on the value the customer places on the service (V) and the number of different firms offering the ser vice (N). That is, Rp = f(V,N). The greater the number of firms offering the service, the lower will be the reservation price of the consumer. Whereas, if the customer has only a limited number of choices (substitutes), then her reservation price becomes higher that is her willingness to pay increases (her demand becomes more inelastic).The final price is determined for each customer segment based on customer type, location and product/service offering. Thus, though there is no change in marginal cost, different prices are charged depending on the type of customer segment and the reservation prices for each segment. Among the goods and services that are sold online, hotel services appear to be particularly well suited for differential pricing because of the ease of segmenting customers at a relatively low marginal cost. Determine reservation prices (which indicate willingness to pay) for each segmentRosen and Howard (2000) provides examples of improved transaction efficiency for ser vice industries such as banking, travel, and stock brokerage. Table III illustrates the reduction in transaction costs for service firms because of delivery via the Internet. Traditional pricing strategies such as differential pricing, discussed in the previous section, are particularly well suited to ecommerce. We will focalisation primarily on differential pricing for online services, also referred to as segmented pricing.A new and unique method of pricing called dynamic pricing, which is easily facilitated by the electronic medium, enhances differential pricing for online services. The Internet enables marketing managers to modify product databases instantly and continuously, as new product features are developed and price adjustments are do (Strauss and Frost, 1999). Dynamic pricing allows Internet customers to receive up-todate price information on demand from product databases. This information changes with time and by user.For example business customers may receive differe nt prices than individual customers. Business customers may receive different price information based on volume ordered. Thus, dynamic pricing allows get ahead customization by target customer and further enhances the traditional segmented or differential pricing in the online environment. Determine prices for each segment Online presence of hotels Hotel services seem to be particularly suited to sale on the Internet. They can be delivered online and, once in place, benefit from tremendous economies of scale and scope.One firm can design a Web come in and then just differentiate from locale to locale and from hotel to hotel at very low cost. In fact, the marginal cost of adding one more line to the Web site or another site for a new hotel is practically negligible. Despite these advantages, the hotel industry seems to have been relatively slow at going digital and using the Internet as a marketing tool. Hotel transactions in the USA account for less than 5 percent of the US total volume of e-business transactions. However, there is some indication that this is likely to increase significantly in the near future.Table IV shows that online travel business transactions increased from $2. 2 billion in 1998 to $6. 5 billion in 1999, a 200 percent increase. Furthermore, when we disaggregate the total online travel bookings by travel product, it is interesting to note that lodging Pricing policies on the Internet E-commerce is likely to have a significant impact on pricing, as it creates a more competitive environment in which firms may sell. The Internet is able to generate different pricing mechanisms, particularly by allowing customers to make instant price and product comparisons.The Internet offers significant opportunity for reducing operating costs, particularly for service firms (Rosen and Howard, 2000). A study by Andersen Consulting (as cited in 255 Rama Yelkur and Maria Manuela Neveda A DaCosta Differential pricing and segmentation on the Internet the case of hotels Management Decision 39/4 2001 252261 increased from 13 percent in 1998 to 16 percent in 1999, a trend that is likely to continue. Table IV Total online travel bookings by travel product 1998 $2. 2 billion market (%) Air inhabit Car Cruise/tour 80 13 7