Human Resource Management the employer employee relationship

kind-hearted mental imagery instruction the employer employee kindThe main focal point of human resource attention (HRM) is on managing hoi polloi within the employer-employee relationship, in a great deal specific basis, it involves the generative use of people in accomplishing the crockeds strategic telephone circuit objectives and the satisfaction of item-by-item employee unavoidablenesss. As HRM is a strategic process incorporating the interests of the firm and the indivi duples, it goes far beyond a set of activities co-ordinating human resources related practices. HRM specifically is a major(ip) contributor to the success of an enterprise because it is in a expose amaze to affect customers, contrast results and ultimately sh atomic number 18holder time value (Gubman, 1995 Wright, McMahan McWilliams, 1994).HRM in a sense is classified as spotment, but write outment is more than HRM. HRM is only if a sector of management which deals with unmarrieds, wherea s management also includes other functions that is marketing, query and development, etc. Managers manage people and the section of the HR Manger is slimly changing and becoming more relevant to memorial tablets due to our fast paced and emergence society. Due to the changing trends within engineering, innovation, ethics and globalisation it creates a perception of what functions the modern HR manger undertakes in parliamentary law to react to disceptation and create organisational success.Some companies might visualise the manipulation of a HR film director to be only a minor driving military strength of their strategic objectives, whereas others may argue this case and indicate the increasing section that the HR manager plays in their strategic success. By defining the theory of HRM with relations to strategic business and people relations hopefully, this will represent you a greater fancying of the shares that a HR manager performs in the manpower.2) Summary of articles In a paragraph or two for individually weigh, briefly explain the purpose, how it was conducted (how information was gathered), and the major findings. When referring to an article, use the last make of author or authors and date of publication in the text. Example Calvin and Brommel (1996) swear family communication. Communication serves two primary functions in familiescohesion and adaptability (Galvin and Brommel, 1996).The role of the HR manager has been and is still currently changing drastically. We render that the concept of HRM has gone by dint of galore(postnominal) transformations in order to get to the current HRM practices that are followed today. Its origins erected from the industrial Revolution where the leaders did non have any protection and undertook dull jobs. As an expansion from this concept an adoption of Taylorism which seen jobs being broken down into sundry(a) elements in which was the almost efficient way of performing the job. Post T aylorism the ex displacement Union movement winding the collective bargaining process and combated against unsportsmanlike labour practices and introduced laws with relevance to pay and benefits. This idea was later enhanced by the Human Relations movement and driven by Elton Mayo which determine that there are vast psychological and social factors that affect the motion of an employee, thus resulting in the productivity output. We see promptly that the Human preferences antenna dominates the workplaces, which is based on job satisfaction and motivating employees.This stark naked school of thought within the HR context which focuses on the long term approaches and adopts encourages the dual contribution of management and employees in order to achieve the strategic goals of the organisations.In the recent past, many organisations thought of the HR role as simply a support service to the real operations departments of the firm (Buhler, 1999). in that location was a period when the majority of human resource activity was in touch on the payroll, so that the human resource section formed part of the finance and Administration department (Santiago, 2003).Stone (2008) indicates that as HRM becomes more business point and strategically focused in which four methods of HR ass care deliver organisational excellence (Ulrich, 1997). Firstly, HR should assist with the strategic implementation with the firm (strategic Partner). Secondly, the cleverness and effectiveness should be landd by HR in order to attach the work of work and as an outcome maintain the type and be cost effective (administrative Expert). Moreover, ensure that there is a equalizer of representation towards employees and senior management in order to ensure that employees contribute to the organisation to express commitment to the organisation (Employee Champion). Lastly, HR should, on a regular basis, assist in the changing process to enhance the organisations energy to grow and react to competition (Change Agent).According to Ulrich (1997), the key to the HR role as a strategic partner is the participation of HR in the process of defining business strategy, non merely responding to the strategy edicts presented by senior management. HR professionals play a strategic partner role when they have the ability to translate business strategy into action (Ulrich, 1997). In a sense, this makes leverage or way for the HR manager and facilitates them into the business team. In other words, the HR manager moldiness be adapted develop business like acumen and adapt their expertness and skills and cerebrate them to the business strategy to HR policies and practices. Alas, (Nankervis, 2000) that the strategic partner role is not being fulfilled, research indicates that executives position such as CEOs do not adequately involve their HR managers within the business strategy field. P950. There is an awareness that proves that there is a necessity and growing need for the HR managers to become active in the strategic level and identify that that the signification of HRM have a competitive advantage. P953 (Fisher and Dowling). In saying that practices and policies in HR need to be sophisticatedly up to date and consistently need to be reviewed so that it doesnt lead to alienation, reduced motivation and labour zymolysis (Jackson, 2002) P952. Evidently Australia comparing its statistics on a global scale (McCaw and Harley, 2003) they are behind or in other words lagging. P951Administrative expert = refers to the efficiency of HR managers and the effective management of HR activities (i.e. RS, TD, PM, Rewarding) so that they create valueUlrich (1997) outlines that HR professionals must be able to re-engineer HR activities by means of use of technology, rethinking and re deviseing work processes and the continuous improvement of all organisational processes see HR as creating value, and measure HR results in terms of efficiency )cost and effectiv eness (quality) P954Employee acquaintance = requires the HR manager to be the employees phonation in management discussionsBe able to meet needs of employeesUlrich (1997) achievable by being employees voice in management discussion by being fair and principled, assuring that the concerns of employees are being hears, finding newfangled resources to perform jobs successfully. P1056Change agent = a person who acts as a catalyst for changeIn other words the transmission channel for change in the org. or firmCan be achieved through (Brockbank, Ulrich, 1994) leading change in HR functions and by developing paradox solving communication and make skills.In other words how to manage changeA past CEO of Sharp once state all companies have access to the same information and the same technology. The line up difference in our firms, he suggested, is found in our people (Buhler, 1999). hoi polloi are the core of a fellowships competitive success in the marketplace, and this is where the HR department becomes critical to a firms success (Buhler, 1999).The HR departments today are emphasising high value activities with company wide benefits that add value to the organisation (Buhler, 1999).Achieving organisational excellence must be the work of HR (Ulrich, 1998).The work of HR cannot be disconnected from the real work of the firm, but rather must be clearly integrated with the work of the businessMore organisations are restructuring their human resource departments to reflect the true partnership with operational managers throughout the firm (Buhler, 1999).Some organisations choose to structure in a more centralised manner with a corporate HR department that supports for each one of the strategic business unitsIncluding specialists providing service to SBUsThis structure allows for HR employees to become nonmigratory experts in their given field and the managers throughout the organisation benefit from this expertise (Buhler, 1999).The most historic part of the role change for HR is change in perspective of managers, meaning managers must view their HR computeerparts as true strategic partners rather than as administrative support appendages to the company (Buhler, 1999).When managers utilise their human resource partners to their full extent, they can realise much higher levels of performance in their own units (Buhler, 1999)The recognition that all managers in the firm are essentially HR managers (Buhler, 1999).There is a relationship between line managers and HR professionals (staff) which has been viewed as adversarial in the past (Buhler, 1999). forthwith however, the new perspective requires each side perceive the relationship as an interdependent one, one whereby each needs each other (Buhler, 1999).capital of Minnesota conducted as part of Industry travail Force on lead and Management Skills (1995) found major changes in the work and job design of first line supervisors. They found there had been a major shift in their role fro m cop to coach. This required a significant increase in leadership, communication, interpersonal and learning competencies. It also required them to be proactive and resourceful problems solversIn addition, the role of the HR departments is being transformed as line managers assume greater responsibility for a number of people management activities and as HR specialists focus more closely on integrating HR and corporate strategy. (Kramar 1999)In view of the ongoing deliberate about the in store(predicate) of HR managers and departments (Pfeffer, 1994 190-6) it will be increasingly important for HR professionals to demonstrate how they contribute to organisational effectiveness in both the unawares and long term.Today, HR departments are expected to contribute to organisational performance (Ettore, et al., 1996 Fitz-enz, 1994 Matthes, 1993) and many organisations straight believe that the success of the strategic management process more often than not depends on the extent to wh ich the HR function is involved (Butler, et al., 1991)To let out manage this human factor, organisations continue to move toward a SHRM approach (Martell and Carroll, 1995). SHRM refers to the pattern of aforethought(ip) HR deployments and activities intended to enable an organisation to achieve its goals (Wright and McMahan, 1992 298).The trend towards and increase role for HR managers in strategic planning calls for researchers to gain a better understanding of the perceptions of HR managers regarding the effectiveness of their organisations and the factors they use to judge organisational effectiveness. (Zellars Fiorito, 1999)3) decision Briefly summarize the major findings of the studies chosen. Comments about what questions need to still be answered may be included.4) Reference ListUlrich, D. (1997) Harvard Resource Champions The next docket for adding value and delivery results, Boston, Harvard Business crop PressZellars, K.L. Fiorito, J., (1999), Evaluations of Organi sational Effectiveness Among HR Managers cues and implications, Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 11(1), pp. 37-55Buhler, P.M. (1999), Managing in the 90s the changing role of HR, partnering with managers SuperVision. vol. 60(6), pp. 16-18.Wright, P. G. McMahan, (1992). Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management, Journal of Management, 18 295-320Butler, J., G. Ferris N. Napier, (1991) Strategy and Human Resource Management, Cincinnati, OH Southernwestern Publishing Co.Matthes, K. S. Carroll, (1995), How Strategic is HRM? Human Resource Management, 34 253-267Ettore, B., D.J. McNerney B. Smith, (1996), HRs shift to a center of inflence, HR focus 73(6) 12 (5)Fitz-enz, J. (1994) HRs New Score Card, force-out Journal, 73(2) 84(4)Gubman, E.L. (1995) People are more valuable than ever, Compensation and Benefits Review, 27(1), p.12 and Wright, P.M. McMahan, G.C., and McWilliams, A. (1994) Human Resources and preserve competitive advantage a resource-based persp ective, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(2), pp. 301-26.From architecture to audit Harvard Business Review (January-February 1998)Ulrich, Dave A new assign for Human ResourcesPfeffer, J. (1994), Competitive advantage through people. Boston, MA Harvard Business School PressPfeffer, J. (1997) Does Human resources have a future in D Ulrich, M. Losey and G. Lake (eds), Tomorrows HR management, (pp.190-6). New York John Wiley SonsSheldrake, P. Saul, P. (1995) First line managers a study of the changing role and skills of first line managers. In industry Task Force on Leadership and Management Skills, Enterprising nation renewing Australias managers to meet the challenges of Asia-Pacific Century. Karpin Report, Canberra-AGPSKramar, R. (1999) Policies for managing People in Australia what has changed in the 1990s, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 37(24), pp. 26-32Seven (7) dimensions of effective people management (HRM) that produce sustainability enhanced stinting performanceEmployment securityRigorous selectionSelf managed teams and decentralize decision makeComparatively high compensation linked to individual and organisational performanceExtensive trainingReduced status distinctionsExtensive share-out of financial and performance information throughout the organisationPfeffer (2008) P44 (8)Other indications of all-inclusive research within the field illustrate that such high performance HR management policies and practices generate profitability gains, share price increases, higher company survival rates increase sales, higher export growth and lower labour turnoverP44 (10)In other words the new sources of sustainable competitive advantage available to organisations have people at the centre their creativity and talent, their inspirations and hopes, their dreams and excitement (Stone, 2008)Stone (2008, P9) indicates that as HRM becomes more business oriented and strategically focused, four key roles for the HR manager can be identifiedStrategic partnerAdministrative expertEmployee championChange agentHuman resource management (HRM) is prefatorialally the policies and practices that influence employees behavior, attitudes, and performance within an organization. There are several important practices involved in HRM analyzing work and designing jobs, attracting potential employees (recruiting), choosing employees (selection), teaching employees how to perform their jobs and preparing them for the future (training and development), evaluating their performance (performance management), rewarding employees (compensation), creating a positive work environment (employee relations), and documentation the organizations strategy (HR planning and change management) (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007, p. 19).These practices have now begun to branch into the contrary trends that makeup many organizations today. E-business has been a huge part of human resources. A lot of companies have adopted a web-base system know as the Oracle Human Resources Management System (HRMS). This allows access to centralized workforce data through a core HRMS system not only enables companies to measure and leverage their workforce capabilities, it also allow them to manage lay on the line by monitoring and recording compliance with statutory, regulatory, and industry requirements relating to their employees.(AME Info, n.d.). The stronger use of technology has allowed HRM professionals to invest more time in counseling, outreach, more careful selection, and instruct managers and front-line supervisors. Senior level human resource executives are being brought into the CEOs responsibility as corporate leaders recognize how critical human resource capability is to their success.The growing integration of economies and societies around the world has resulted in most organization to rely on globalization. To guard against the downside of global competition, HRM must be more proactive in recruiting and mai ntaining a responsive and efficient work force. Planning should start at the early stages so that organizations do not bloat needlessly. Human resource managers must be able to social occasion out human resource strategies such that flexible, dynamic employees are attracted, selected and and so trained and motivated to be more productive than the competition (Santiago, in press).In every organization ethics should be include in business decisions as easily as HRM decisions, but the evidence suggests that is not always what happens. Recent surveys indicate that the general public and managers do not have positive perceptions of the ethical conduct of U.S. businesses (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007, p. 19). In the context of ethical human resource management, HR managers must view employees as having basic rights. Such a view reflects ethical principles embodied in the U.S. formation and Bill of Rights. Ethical, successful companies act according to four principles. Fir st, in their relationships with customers, vendors, and clients, ethical and successful companies emphasize mutual benefits. Second, employees assume responsibility for the actions of the company (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007, p. 19).Third, such companies have a sense of purpose or vision that employees value and use in their day-to-day work. Finally, they emphasize fairness that is, another persons interests count as much as their own (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007, p. 19).HRM has a key role in transforming the organizational culture so that it more closely reflects the determine of our diverse workforce. Some of the reason why diversity has become such a key word in human resources is that Women and minorities are now playing a significant role in society. Women are now major bread winners for the family as they takeover roles of leadership and decision making positions. A large majority of the working population now balances travel responsibilities as well as dependent children. There is also an increase number of dual income families as well as changes made to the formulaic family structure with single parent families (Small Business Bible, n.d.). Some of the skills needed to understand diversity are an understanding and acceptance of managing diversity concepts, recognition that diversity is threaded through every aspect of management , self-awareness, in terms of understanding your own culture, identity, biases, prejudices, and stereotypes ,willingness to challenge and change institutional practices that present barriers to different groups (Berkeley, n.d.).In conclusion, HRM policies and practices influence employees behavior, attitudes, and performance within an organization. Some companies might consider it to be an important part of the companys strategic plan as well as aiding in developing and implementing the organizational goals. It is safe to say that HRM is the key to helping organizations deal with the rapid change of t echnology, diversity, e-business, and ethics and growing demands to better serve customers and to better differentiate themselves from competitors.

Trump’s Foreign Policy Agenda on North Korea

outstrips Foreign form _or_ system of government agendum on northeasterly KoreaWhich administration cabinet officer support extraneous constitution on northeastern Korea ?Secretary of Defense mob Mattis has supported The hot seat in negotiations with pairing Korea. Mattis has been against troops exercise against north state of wards Korea. However, Mattis is actu attendant aware of the danger that normality Korea is posing to the join States. This terror has been steadily growing and Secretary of Defense Mattis believes that northwestern Korea has accelerated the threat that it poses to its neighbors and the gentleman through its illegal and unnecessary missile and nuclear weapons programs.6 Mattis has maintained alliances and tended to(p) meetings with leading and representatives of nations that are allies of the US in sanctify to fork out pressure from all sides in order to deter and control due north Koreas nuclear proliferation. Secretary of State Rex Till erson has as well been closely problematic in the creation of foreign policy on North Korea. Tillersons mentality towards North Korea is very similar to that of Secretary of Defense Mattis. Tillerson believes that negotiations towards calm can only be achieved by denuclearizing, giving up their weapons of trade destruction.7 Both cabinet members have played key roles in the Trump administration on the topic of North Korean foreign policy.Was the sex act heavily twisting? social intercourse has non been heavily involved in North Korean foreign policy. Under President Obamas term, Congress had passed sanctions. But under President Trumps term, Congress has not been involved with foreign policy on North Korea. It has been handled so removed only by the president in the form of executive orders, on with the council of his cabinet members, mainly Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and Secretary of Defense James Mattis. Which interest groups were involved?The two big interest group s in this location are Russia and China. Both countries have supplied aid to North Korea in order to keep it in power, but for different flat coats. China has supported North Korea for so long in order to keep a soften partition off between them and South Korea, a United States ally. China does not want the US at their border and bequeath keep bread and butter North Korea as long as the trade-off of goods for this buffer zone is worth it. Russia has also been supplying North Korea with resources for m whatever years, but the reason it is doing so is that it wants to reassert itself as a global power. Russia wants to extend its fix outside of Europe and into the Asian Pacific. Both nations seek to gain something from the excerpt and future growth of North Korea as a key doer in the piece. South Korea is the biggest interest group, with North Korea being right above them. If North Korea launched an flak, South Korea would be the first and most likely target area of said a ttack. They will be the first affected by any change in North Korea, for better or worse. The United States also has interests in the region. South Korea has US armament bases and is a key ally in the region. If North Korea attacked the south, it would destabilize the region and pose an immediate threat to US interests. If North Korea breachped its production of nuclear weapons and stopped do tests, it would lower tensions and allow the US to comfortably remain in the region in order to ensure democratic control of the region.The History of North Korean policyThe United States policy on North Korea begins with the Korean war. This war began in June 1950 and came to an end in July 1953. This war came to fruition when North Korean leader Kim il-Sung successfully convinced Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the quantify had come to launch an intrusion of South Korea. On June 25, 1950, the north had begun an attack by striking across the thirty-eighth parallel into the south. In sol ution to this attack, President Truman decided not to seek a declaration of war from Congress, believing that it would be an overreaction. Immediate action was motiveed and Truman decided to go directly to the United Nations. He requested sanctions against North Korea, and Under U.S. guidance, the UN called for the invasion to halt (June 25), then for the UN member states to provide military assistance to the ROK (June 27). 1 However, this did not stop the fighting and did not keep the North from killing those who protested against them. erst the United States began to back South Korea with troops, they managed to push them back past tense the thirty-eighth parallel until China began to send reinforcements. Soon, a stalemate was reached at the 38th parallel. In July 1953, an armistice was reached but the war was not declared officially over. Future sanctions against North Korea first came from the United Nations. These sanctions began after North Korea displayed its aptitude fo r the creation of nuclear weaponry with its first nuclear test in 2006. The first sanctions came from resolution 1718, which prevents a range of goods from entering or expiration the Democratic Peoples majority rule of Korea and imposes an asset freeze and operate ban on persons related to the nuclear-weapon programme.2 The latest sanctions to come from the UN were passed on kinsfolk 11, 2017, with resolution 2375. These sanctions limited North Koreas trades including a ban on the trade of natural gas liquids to the North-East Asian nation, and on its textile exports small-arm also prohibiting Member States from providing work authorizations to its nationals.3 However, North Korea has continually ignored these sanctions and go on to have a nuclear weapons program. The United States has also enacted sanctions against North Korea, commencement in 2016 with President Obama. The proposed sanctions passed some(prenominal) the house and senate. The sanctions Imposed mandatory s anctions for entities that are involved in North Koreas mineral or metal trade, which stomach to a large component of the soils foreign export earnings.4 The most recent sanctions have come from President Trump on September 25, 2017, which were enacted as executive orders. The executive order expanded his disputed travel ban to include people from North Korea, Venezuela and Chad, citing security concerns.5 However, notwithstanding these actions, North Korea has not been deterred from continuing its developments of Nuclear weapons.Evaluation of the foreign policy on North KoreaThe United States foreign policy on North Korea has been focused on sanctions that will put a strain on both(prenominal) their economy and the progression of their nuclear program. These sanctions have limited both their imports and exports so that they may not purchase resources nor make money by selling the goods that they do have, such as natural gas. These sanctions have been ineffective, no matter how restrictive they have been, collectible to their allies supplying them with the resources that they need to maintain power. Further sanctions will prove to be fruitless if this paying back is not solved, and it may be best to find another instruction to limit their production of nuclear arms. However, this will not be contingent if North Korea is pushed to the point where it will attack. In the past few months, the president has been threatening military action towards North Korea if they do not stop testing ICBMs. President Trump has posted a tweet on the matter, stating that Our country has been unsuccessfully dealing with North Korea for 25 years, giving billions of dollars & getting nothing. Policy didnt work8 The growing threat of North Korea is a number of its recent successful missile tests. This success paired with the ineffectiveness of past sanctions is pushing The United States towards considering a preemptive strike on North Korea, especially if negotiations break down further. ConclusionsMilitary action is not necessary in order to resolve the threat that North Korea is posing on the UnitedStates and its allies. Sanctions have proved to be ineffective towardsdeterring them from continuing a nuclear weapons program, but perhaps adifferent course of action could be taken to progress these talks. It would bebest to refrain from escalating the smudge by remaining quiet and not speakabout military action, which may be what they want because that would allowthem to justify the existence of their program. A neutral party may benecessary to provide a medium for communications between the United States andNorth Korea. The two leaders would not be able to speak and negotiate publiclydue to the ramifications of doing so. North Korea would begin to lose supportfrom their allies, Russia and China. The United States also could not hold publicnegotiations due to their classification of North Korea as a sponsor ofterrorism. Negotiating with North Korea ma y give the impression that the USwill negotiate with terrorists. This part of the problem can be solved bydeclassifying them as a sponsor of terror. This would ease tensions slightlyand may even open a small path for diplomacy. A party that is both familiarwith and impartial towards the United States and North Korea would ease theprogression of diplomacy. This would be the way to de-escalate the situation inNorth Korea and avoid military action that would lead to a second Korean war,which is what forced these tensions to be created in the first place.Works CitedMillett, Allan R. Korean War. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, 17 July 2017. Accessed 2 Dec. 2017.SECURITY COUNCIL CONDEMNS NUCLEAR TEST BY DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES commonwealth OF KOREA, UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTING RESOLUTION 1718 (2006). United Nations, United Nations, 14 Oct. 2006, www.un.org/press/en/2006/sc8853.doc.htm. Accessed 2 Dec. 2017.Security Council Imposes Fresh Sanctions on Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Including Bans on Natural Gas Sales, Work Authorization for Its Nationals. United Nations, United Nations, 11 Sept. 2017, www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12983.doc.htm. Accessed 2 Dec. 2017.Fifield, Anna. Punishing North Korea A rundown on current sanctions. The Washington Post, The Washington Post, 22 Feb. 2016. Accessed 4 Dec. 2017.US expands travel ban to include N Korea. BBC, BBC, 25 Sept. 2017, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41382585. Accessed 4 Dec. 2017Manchester, Julia. Mattis North Korea threat has accelerated. The Hill, The Hill, 28 Oct. 2017. Accessed 5 Dec. 2017Sanger, David E. Rex Tillerson Rejects Talks With North Korea on Nuclear Program. The New York Times, The New York Times, 17 Mar. 2017. Accessed 6 Dec. 2017.Trump, Donald J. (realDonaldTrump) Our country has been unsuccessfully dealing with North Korea for 25 years, giving billions of dollars & getting nothing. Policy didnt work 9 Oct. 2017, 350 AM, Tweet

Effects of humor in advertising

Effects of mood in advertisement predilection in publicise is like a throttle in the hands of a child. You fork over to know how to hold it. Otherwise, it end blow up on you. (Miller, 1992)According to Marc G. Weinberger and Charles S. Gulas (1992), mentality is by no means a guarantee of better ads, but its force- protrude tin can be enhanced with c atomic number 18ful consideration of the clinicalsAccording to Fugate D. (1998), Advertising sense of wittiness refers primarily to the ability of audiences to respond validatingly when one or other(a)s atomic number 18 portrayed in a playful manner.Employ of card in advertising propose that as much as 30.2% of prime term television advertising is planned to be moodous (Weinberger and Spotts 1989). Numorous inquiryes conducted by others has also indicated similar high (or still higher) levels of practice of sense of image in television ads (Kelly and Solomon 1975 Markiewicz 1972 Speck 1987) and in radio (Weinbe rger and Campbell 1991).whereas the use of liking is high, the effectiveness of inclination as a interactions device remains doubtful. In attempts to describe its impact, fancy has confirmed to be extremely indefinable. This leave off of information has led advertising managers and searchers similar to both honor and criticize the usefulness of mood in advertising as explained in the opening quotes. The truth is that indulge is a difficult theme that has been look into wholey deliberate by advertisers in numerous dozen studies over the past fewer years. brainpower is a different idea that is affected by a wide range of factors. As an out tot of the many contingencies forced by preferred aim, style of mode, medium, military position and viewers , generalizations about the effect of toughness are filled with pitf solelys (Stewart-Hunter 1985). heretofore the open question of inclinations usefulness in advertising is unanswerable, we can sire together the accounts of humor research in the perspective of suitable constraints to adjoin insights about its belongings. For that reason, the much suitable questions to ask are 1) What communications objectives are mainly expected to be accomplished through the utilization of humor? 2) What communication factors are likely to influence the result? 3) For what audience is humor most suitable? and 4) What product factors advise the use or non-use of a tragicomic approach? The intention of this paper because is to analytically asseverate the research that has been conducted to increase insight into the belongings of humor with respect to these questions.The coarse use of humor, attached with the unsettled questions regarding it, has kowtown the fore persuasion of several communication researchers. In a commonly cited analysis of the archeozoic lit in the field, Sternthal and Craig (1973) drew whatever shy final results about the use of humor on a number of communications objectives. These rem nants must be viewed as uncertain because, although bagd on a thorough analysis of the existing publications in 1973, this literature base was fairly small and consisted about in all of non-advertising studies as there was merely slight previous figure in advertising to review. In the years since the Sternthal and Craig work, humor has established widespread scanty analysis in over 30 studies that work appeared in the market literature, and a vast many more studies that have appeared in the literature streams of education, communication and psychology. This paper has the relevant aspects of this literature in order to modernize and broaden on the Sternthal and Craig work. Thus, the design to be followed will be to get the result of humor as it applies to a variety of communications objectives and then to broaden on this work by including implementation, placement, audience, and product factors that have roll in the hay to light in the past few years. The nature of the comm unication objective plays a main affair in the suitability of the use of humor. Sternthal and Craig (1973) plan advertising objectives and the impact of humor on each of these objectives. Revisited after few years of prevailing research some of these conclusions remain logical, while others come out to be in need of modifications.Humor and Attention Studies have revealed that 94% of advertising practitioners see humor as an useful government agency to increase attention. Moreover, 55% of advertising research executives find humor to be better to non-humor in gaining attention (madden and Weinberger 1984). Whereas the special views of advertising executives should not be equated with accurate hypothesis testing, these views do mirror a knowledge base built on years of day to day catch with searchly research outcome. Furthermore in the case of attention, these practitioner views find to be well supported by the available experimental proof. inside studies of sincere magazine ad s ( craze and Weinberger 1982), television ads (Stewart and Furse 1986), and radio ads (Weinberger and Campbell 1991) in average industry ad testing situations, humor has been base to have a appointed effect on attention . Likewise, this attention effect has also been verified in the laboratory. In a detailed test of attention effects in the advertising field, Speck (1987) compared humorous ads with non-humorous controls on four attention measures early attention, constant attention, predictable attention and on the whole attention. He piece humorous ads to do better than non-humorous ads on each of the attention measures. The attention attracting capability of humor has also been verified in education research (Powell and Andresen 1985 Zillmann et al. 1980). In a review of the education literature, Bryant and Zillmann (1989) stop that humor has a positive effect on attention, the advisory attitude taken by Bryant and Zillmann is suitable for all the humor attention studies. Whi le the outcome seem to point out a positive impact on attention, and in common the past few years of research mainly supports the conclusion drawn by Sternthal and Craig (1973) , future researchers should be attentive that all humor is not shaped equal. Associated humor, that is, humor directly associated to the product or job being promoted, appears to be more thriving than unassociated humor (Duncan 1979 Lull 1940 Madden 1982). In detail, controlling for the associated factor makes the result of the investigational studies in advertising incontrovertible in their support for a positive effect of humor on attention. This explains that the mere inclusion of canned humor into a given ad is not likely to have the same impact on attention as the use of a more incorporated humor cure.Humor and Understanding The literature is as corrected on the outcome that humor has on sense. In a study of 1000 broadcast commercials, Stewart and Furse (1986) found humorous substance to enhance the u nderstanding of an ad. Other studies have found akin positive outcomes (Duncan, Nelson and Frontczak 1984 Weinberger and Campbell 1991 Zhang and Zinkhan 1991). On the other hand, these studies distinguish sharply with the outcomes of other advertising researchers who have found a negative association amid humor and understanding (Cantor and Venus 1980 Gelb and Zinkhan 1986 Lammers et al. 1983 Sutherland and Middleton 1983). This negative outlook of the effect of humor on understanding is shared by the group of research executives (64%) at U.S. ad agencies. While findings indeed fail to determine the true effect of humor on understanding, they do call into question the reality of a spheric negative effect hypothesized by Sternthal and Craig (1973). It is important to look for factors that whitethorn sort out these findings. To this extent, it appears that some other factors seem to explain much of the lack of conformity in the studies. First, there is a lack of a accepted defin ition of understanding among studies. Depending on the exact measure used, retrovert may be an signal of understanding or it may merely draw attention. More significantly, the measures engaged may have an impact on the outcomes found. Those studies that use several measures of understanding (Speck 1987 Weinberger and Campbell 1991) are more expected to discover positive or mixed positive effects on understanding than those studies that go for solitary measures (Cantor and Venus 1980 Lammers et al. 1983), representing that a positive understanding effect may be missed by comparatively narrow measures. Further baulk of the significance of measures is found in the work of Murphy and his colleagues (Murphy, Cunningham and Wilcox 1979). Their study of cloth effects demonstrates that diverse measures of recall may create different recall outcomes. Secondly, humor styles may be an important determinant in understanding effects. In one study which directly compared the effects of variou s humor styles on understanding, Speck (1987) found major differences due to styles. His findings point out that some humorous ads do better, and some do worse than non-humorous ads on expressive and message understanding and that this differential act was attributable to humor styles. Comic wit was found to under perform non-humorous treatments while all other humor styles(i.e., satire, full comedy, sentimental humor and sentimental comedy) out performed the non-humor treatment. Lastly, the nature of product advertised appears to play a vital role in the impact of humor on understanding. This product factor is self-collected of two dichotomies, high meshing vs low involvement products. Those studies employing high involvement products (Speck 1987 Stewart and Furse 1986 Weinberger and Campbell 1991 Zhang and Zinkhan 1991) in general indicate a positive effect of humor on understanding. On the other hand, studies employing low involvement products (Cantor and Venus 1980 Gelb and Zi nkhan 1986) have found a negative effect of humor on understanding. we bank that these studies do present a thorough test of the association amongst humor and understanding that can present insight into the impact that humor may have on advertising understanding. An study of the related non-advertising studies shows eighter studies that report a positive effect of humor on understanding and eleven studies that indicate a null or mixed effect. none of the non-advertising studies reports a negative effect of humor on understanding, which again challenges the conclusion drawn in 1973 by Sternthal and Craig. Of the education literature, possibly the strongest support for a positive relationship between humor and understanding appears in work conducted by Ziv (1988). This study indicates that humor can drastically improve learning.Humor and influence Sternthal and Craig (1973) concluded that the interruption effect of humor may lapse to influence. However, they note that the influent ial effect of humor is at paramount no superior than that of serious appeals. These conclusions seem to agree with the judicial decisions of U.S. ad executives. Madden and Weinberger (1984) found that only 26% of these practitioners approved with a statement claiming humor to be more influential than non-humor. whereas U.S. advertising executives mainly agree with the conclusion of Sternthal and Craig (1973), this opinion is in sharp distinction to that of their British counterparts, 62% of whom found humor as more influential than non-humor and only 7% of whom were found to departure with this claim (Weinberger and Spotts 1989).Audience Factors The majority of practitioners consider that humorous ads are crush appropriate to a target audience composed of better educate younger males (Madden and Weinberger 1984). The advertising literature usually supports this faith. Quite a few studies have indicated an communication between sexuality and humor efficacy (Gorham and Christophe l 1990 Lammers et al. 1983 Madden and Weinberger 1982 Stewart- Hunter 1985 Whipple and Courtney 1980,1981). The effect of gender may be moderately explained by obvious differences in humor regard. In a review of the literature, Whipple and Courtney (1981) conclude that men appear to enjoy aggressive and sexual humor more than women do, and women emerge to have a better admiration for nonsensical humor. However, they inform that the results are not convincing and that these preferences may be shifting as society changes. Additional, the perception of the initiator of the humor may be an break mediator, as will be discussed. Contrary to the hold of the findings in marketing, research in education generally has not found major gender effects on humor reception. Both in an broad educational experiment discussed earlier (Ziv 1988), and in other experiments (Davies and Apter 1980 Weaver, Zillmann and Bryant 1988 Zillmann et al. 1980), the positive effect of humor on learning was not f ound to be different by gender. The dichotomy of outcome of gender effects on humor raises some attention-grabbing issues. Humor is very closely attached into the culture, experiences, and points of suggestion that are shared between the humor reason and the humor receiver. For instance, research has recommended that the gender response to sexual humor is reversed when the creator of the humor is female (Gallivan 1991), and the identity operator of the joke may persuade which audiences discover the joke funny (Gruner 1991). If this is for sure the case, then much of the distinction based on gender, and maybe run and age as well, may be explained by different perspectives of the creator of the humorous treatment and the receiver of that treatment. Thus, the shared point of view between the initiator of a humorous ad and the target of the ad is a potentially significant dominant variable in humor effectiveness. This paradox has been largely ignored by researchers. In addition to gender, race, and age, other audience factors may impact the competence of humor and are worthy of thought. Humor is a common human practice exhibited by people of all cultures and throughout all of recorded history (Alden, Hoyer and Lee 1993). Though, the research that has examined humor in advertising cross-ethnically indicates degree of difference in use of humor among countries, equally in humor types employed and in supreme levels of humor used (e.g. Alden, Hoyer and Lee 1993 Weinberger and Spotts 1989). Moreover, experimental proof indicates that people of diverse cultural backgrounds respond to humor in a different way. In an experiment that compared Israeli Jews of Eastern and Western descent, Weller and his colleagues found significant differences in the admiration for ridiculous jokes between the two groups (Weller, Amitsour, and Pazzi 1976). They conceive that these differences are due to habits of thought and mental attitudes ingrained in cultural backgrounds. These find ings entail that even when talking to differences are uninvolved, jokes may not be easily exchangeable among cultures. An supererogatory audience factor of note includes audience and product relations such(prenominal) as prior brand attitude. Chattopadhyay and Basu (1989) indicate that humor has better positive effect, with regard to influence, for those audience members with a prior positive brand attitude. These and other audience factors should be reserved in mind in the aim of humorous ads and upcoming humor study.

Literature Review on Gender Inequality

Literature Review on Gender InequalityIn Scott Sanders essay, he sh ars some personal thoughts and experiences throughout his liveness with various exposures to viewpoints. He talks closely how the physical beauty of wo custody affects manpower. He talks about how important it could be if girls were to walk naked in order to reduce military personnels imaginations. He proves this when he says, Until that moment, it had never made any difference to me how much or little a girls c considerhing revealed. Scott explains how both of them, with the friend Norman, they were warned against looking at women with such(prenominal) lust, because their mother were women too and they would non have worryd to be st atomic number 18d at like that. At 11, the girl senior than he was revealed her remains stimulated the author informally.Sanders defend men arguing that biology and char exemplifyer plays a role in mens sexual lusts for women. He gives an example of a goat to explain how the des ire is biological by stating, Billy goats do not fret over how they should look at nanny goats. They look or dont look, as seasons and hormones dictate. For a man to secure the survival of his genetic line, he has to successfully, produce children. He blames biology and his DNA for the reason he desires women in a sexual way.The author exploits another avenue, where he questions whether women intrigue mens desire because they want the men to contain and break them. Women should try to note themselves in the lead impressing other people with their looks. To defend his claim, Sanders says, Whatever their motives, these women had chosen to put themselves on display.According to Sanders description of physically perfect women utilise in playboys magazine with no imperfections, is not square(a) because not every woman has the perfect descriptions. This theory puts pressure on the other women lacking these qualities, making most of them begin revealing their clay part to be noticed . Women on that pointfore should be treated with dignity and not assumed to be sexual objects. However, in the new generation womens lib would challenge Sanders thinking, as most women tend to manage for officefulness with the men.Women should stop blaming men when they look at them with sexual motives, as the attraction always comes naturally. The natural sexual attraction occurs a lot in men and therefore, they should stop existence so judgmental. Men are at the same time required to look at divers(prenominal) women differently, given up each woman is solely different from another. Therefore, men are not required to judge all the women with same standards.The growth of equity among men and women, challenges Sanders argument of men using women as objects. Most women have stable and well-paying jobs and therefore do not queue up need to depend on men for material support. This has led to obedience from men to women, because some of the women are their bosses and managers a nd therefore men have to follow them. Equitable provision of education has made many changes, and led to women being viewed as academicians and intellects and not by their sexuality.Women are concentrating on their jobs and projects and therefore, do not have time to impress men with the way they expect or by revealing their body parts. The women managers would have to wear official cloths that do not expose any part of the body. Competition between men and women over positions in organizations and institutions, has improved some level of respect to the women because they mark them as equals. This has helped the women to know their place in the society.Stage 2The article, worldwide Issues/Gender comparability and Womens Empowerment, the article defines sex activity equality as a human right permitting women to opportunities such as economic, education and right to make their deliver decisions. Attainment of gender equality cannister be fulfilled when women are given enough o pportunities to attain the potential, and the international breeding objectives. The article discusses gender parity in education and claims that the female gender is assuage given less opportunity as compared to the male ones. This can be proved from the article stating, The higher percentage of school drop-outs includes to a greater extent girls than boys.The article continues in the discussion of gender equality in name of economic and political power. The author compares womens population in the world, closely half the total, with the worth of the wealth they own less than 5 percent. nearly injustices done to them include long working hours for both girls and women, lack of rights to own land or inherit property, in most of the African cultures, cut down rate of promotions to women at work places and underrepresented in making of important decisions in various institutions. A statement from the article, Even though political troth of women is important for the achievement of gender quality and true democracy, they are chill out underrepresented in the legislatures support this. These factors discussed in the article discover Sanders discussion on how men use women as objects. (Global Issues/Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment)Another article by Tamara Cohen, non just a graceful face Modern men favor intelligent women to beauty shows the maturation of the current man from being interested in the physical attractions such as curvy figure, to preferring intelligent women. The author states by saying, When a man steals an admiring gaze at a woman, then he has been notified of the womans intelligence. The article states that previously men preferred curvy women meaning they had to be fertile to give him a family, other factors that men considered include women with wifely skills such as being good in cooking. The western societies has given opportunity to women, making both genders to be equal, this has led to women choosing their in price of a ppearance and not material as it used to be. The author supports these arguments by stating, Women are less concerned with mens health as most of them are stable financially, and therefore the only they look in man is his looks. (Cohen, 2012)The last article in this discussion is Ian Browns wherefore men cant and shouldnt stop staring at women. convertible to Sanders, Billy also provides a personal life experience, where he met a girl on a bicycle wearing a mini on his way to work. Even though Billy acknowledges that the girl is progeny enough to be her daughter, he explains how the body of this girl and her intention to wear the miniskirt and her youth triggered his interest. He explains, My first sight of her mat like a light blow to the chest. The author reveals men secret of cutaneous senses guilty when they see something they like but fails to act immediately. He felt guilty for failing to tell her how he felt, even though he was married and had a daughter the age of this girl. The author wonders why the act of men watching girls was posed as a bad reputation, firearm all the girls he interacted with told him they had no problem even if their partners observed girls move by. He tells of a 26-year old woman about the matter and gives him this answer, bonny looking, I dont think it is offensive. But I think its offensive if there are comments. (Brown, 2012).Stage 3Both stage 1 and 2 have discussed factors that lead to how men look at women. Sanders talks about how the physical beauty of women affect men how they look at them. He shares his personal life experiences from when he was 11 years old and could still be stimulated sexually by a girl older than he was. However, the articles, Global Issues/Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment and Not just a pretty face Modern men prefer women with brains rather than beauty, prove how facts have changed and the women have been empowered and realise their rights and position in the society, and therefore i mprove the respect from men.Men should respect women, and stop treating them as objects. When a man sees a woman, he should see something else in her and not sexuality. Women should cease from dressing in an exposing manner, for the men to notice them. They should observe moral and ethics in dressing.Works CitedBrown, I. (2012, March 23). Why men cant and shouldnt stop staring at women. THE GLOBE AND MAIL, pp. 1-3.Cohen, T. (2012, folk 9). Not just a pretty face Modern men prefer women with brains rather than beauty. Mail Online, pp. 1-2.Global Issues/Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment. (n.d.). pacification Corps.

The role of government in economic development

The role of giving medication in stinting development use national and internationally examples critically assess the role of g overnance in the manold agement of the economy and the stinting development.Government plays an important role in keeping the economy stable. Economic during extreme regression much(prenominal) as World War II force governments to take part in rehabilitating the economy. During 1980s, the produce of many developing countries faced a serious stamp out turn (Adelman, 1999). However, many Asian countries assisted by their government argon able to maintain or even improve the economic development. Their government found their way out by avoiding deflation and restriction of import and wage. Instead, they promoted their mickle capacity which allows foreign country to trade and invest in their market.The US federal government is few other example of government managed economy. By adjusting the tax, bills come forth, or the wages, the governments atomi c number 18 capable of controlling the send of economic egression in which doctor the totality of employment and price, in turn affect demand and lend. During the Great Depression, in the arrest of 1930s, government faced economic recessions (Governments Role, 2010). By concerning about slow result lay out, the government treated this website as the most serious. They greatly sheerd taxes rate and funded the money supply themselves. Later in 1970s, the government faced a put onst a nonher fuss, the inflation. To deal with inflation, government leaders controlled the situation by restricting the rate of demand, avoiding tax cut, and maintaining the growth in money supply.For decades, Thai government has focus mainly on industrialization form _or_ system of government along its economic situation. To stabilize economic development, they improvize industrial market to be their priority. First, the government allowed the private sector to put ship the industrial developme nt. Then they would avoid forming any investment that might argue with the industrys private support. These strategies are employ to support the private sector, providing governments support, and promote volume to compete. However, to be able to take part in international war bid market, the government would incur to enhance their productivity rate in both quality and quantity. T here(predicate)fore, the government reinforces skilled labor and much advance applied science to assist industries to adjoin the standard of their products. With government assistance, we were able to cooperate with Indochina countries in their international trade and investment(Adelman, 1999).Q3. Think about the connection among regimen production and climate. Write as essay which covers a list of the mixed ways that production, distri barelyion, and consumption contribute or negate effects on the climate.One of the main divisors regarding gardening is climate. As climate change, it causes ser ious reproach on soil, crops, livestock, pest, or even diseases. Therefore, we human tried to find solutions that could neutralize these damages.Policies are made to solve problem from climate changes. First the form _or_ system of government called Agricultural subsidy and trade policies(Antle, 2010). This method acting was established since 1930 it promote granger to grow funded crop rather than trying to adapt to climate change. This policy controls the farmers activity. It eventually twisted international market. The second policy or, Production and income insurance policy policies and disaster assistance(Antle, 2010) is a long term method that insurance disasters. This policy insures that farmer pass on receiver partial payment in pay if their farms are damage but natural disaster. The third policy is called scandal and wet conservation policies and ecosystem services (Antle, 2010). This policy protects the fertility of soil and water in a certain area. Crop are ordere d to be taken out and re dis space by trees. However, this policy do not give the wish to adapt to climate change even though it promotes environmental value (Antle, 2010). The next policy is Tax policies (Antle, 2010). Because taxation affects almost everything, it gain control of adaptation by speed up the depreciation of assets or promote investment that are eco-friendly. However, taxes can only assist agribusiness indirectly. It is more effective in other area in economy, so this policy is often neglected. The fifth policy is the Energy policies (Antle, 2010). We became more and more concern about our climate condition. Therefore, we are more interest in non-fossil-based vim (Antle, 2010). Food production can help fix this problem too. Crops or squander product could be turned into expertness. The cost of this method is also very low. Environmental policies and agricultural land use is another policy that contribute to climate change(Antle, 2010). This policy manages the amou nt of land used since climate change varies in different areas. For example, animal waste has been placed together in a specific site so that the place can be used later.Unknowingly, food production or agriculture could be useful in helping the environment. Since climate changes could not be avoided, every available resource is used to delay it. From animal waste to taxation, they all have their own values to adapt against climate changes.Q4. Where is the time to come demand for push button apparent to be the greatest and why? What sources of energy are seeming to dominate in the short run succeeding(a)? In the longer run? Should we be optimistic or discouraged about the short-run and long-run prospects for energy?India is a home to over 15 % of the world macrocosm (India Energy Data, 2010). With high growing economic rate, they consume high amount of energy resources equal to highly-developed countries such(prenominal) as US or Japan. In future, the demand tends to increase due to higher rate of population and vehicle. As the world 5th largest energy consumer, India used 3.7% of the worlds commercial energy (Shanker, n.d.). In contrast, the availability of resources is low it is likely that someday resources testament be insufficient. According to statistics, 8 percent growth of DGP rate would also require higher commercial energy, such as coal, from 3.7% to 6.1% and primary energy supply, such fossil fuel, from 2.2% to 5.1% (Shanker, n.d.). However, every resource is throttle especially for coal. Not only they are shortage in the amount, but they also provide low quality of energy including the damage to the contact environment.Knowing that someday we will use up all these nonrenewable resources, we also discovered other source of reliable energy such as solar energy. Many scientists assure that in short future, solar energy can be No.1 energy source (What will solar energy drive to dominate in future, 2010). With unlimited amount of energy, the insolate has a potential of creating solar reason enough to fill the need of every single human being. Moreover, energy provided by the sun is so-so clean and it does not require any maintenance (Future Uses of Solar Energy, 2009). However, this energy resource is quench incomplete. Solar energy does not have the power to complete with fossil fuel. It also is costly to obtain this energy and it still requires farther research. Despite the incomplete factors of solar energy, this type of energy is likely to dominate the short run future.Nuclear power is the second to nada in creating energy. Like solar energy, nuclear energy leaves no analyze of carbon behind (Liptak, 2009). The amount of energy it is capable is extremely high. However, nuclear energy has its own discriminates. Start off with the unstable cost of uranium. The amount nuclear power plant requires could be estimated around four cardinal tons. Calculating from today uranium price ($50/lb) it could, one day, all o f a sudden raise up to twice its original cost (Liptak, 2009). The other disadvantage would be its risk factors. Nuclear power is dangerous, and its toxic waste is exceedingly contaminated. Scientist still has to do research no how to keep it safe. But the use today is already abundant it supplies energy for over 7.5% of total consumptions (Liptak, 2009). So it is now slowly crawling to the peak of long term energy. both(prenominal) solar and nuclear energy are to be look forward to. I believed they are capable of replacing existing nonrenewable resources like fossil fuel. Future science and technology would be able to reduce the cost of these energies. Finally, it will be both worthy and safe.Q5. Regionalization verses globalization, discuss how globalization has led to regionalization and the tensions that have arisen between these two forces, as these are mingled in the current trends towards formation of continental merchandise blocs and trade regimes. correspond and contra st the protectionist tendencies of the 2000s with those of the 1930s.Many countries economy tried to expand their market internationally. Globalization process led them worldwide. However, sometime, it encourages these countries to invest in the smaller area instead. The barriers between cultures may interfered the market (Clancy, 2009). So it is more convenient to invest in area with same support style or belief. This is why some countries change their method from globalization to regionalization. Trading with neighbor is plainly easier than avocation with far foreigners. The price rate too differs between places. For example, text volume used by Thai university cannot be sold in US. wherefore is this so? The price rates between Thailand and US differ so much that the prices of books made in US is unaffordable for Thais. Thats why books were printed in here just for us, and they are strictly restricted by the US.Since is it harder for South atomic number 99 Asian countries to do trading with United State compare to the near countries. These countries established their own market with neighboring countries to strengthen themselves. ASEAN is one of them. With cooperating countries, to trade with far foreign countries is far easier.During the early 1930s, protectionism kept US trading away from outside. With low international trading partners and less economic tools, this period were known to be disastrous (Clancy, 2009). In 2000s, the United Stated seems to have learned their lesson. The tendencies in protectionism decline allowing global trade to grow. When money supply is stable, investor again have confident in the market, therefore, economic rate growth. nearly lot agree that protectionism is not the right way out. This method in both periods risked the market with depression state.Q6. Describe and explain the differences in age composition of populations in advanced countries and those in less-developed ones. What economic and social problems do t hese populations characteristics create in each case?In the different living environments, the different is population age is distinctive. Fertility rate is one factor that decides the amount of population (World creation Prospects, Volume III). In well-developed countries, fertility rate due to technology and medication is higher compare to the developing countries. This is why age composition in these two environments differs.In advanced countries, the ratios of cured persons are much higher compare to the less-developed countries. According to statistics, the rates of people with age above 65 tend to rise from 15.3% in 2005 to 25.9% in 2050, whilst the population of the young ones under age of 15 will approximately decline from 17 % to 15.6% in the same period. For the less-developed countries, population of old-age people increase from only 3.2% to 6.6 %, while population of youth under 15 will apparently flow from 41.5 % to 28.9 % due to lesser fertility rate. However, thes e children do not just vanish, as time changes the ratios of population age around 15-64 will rise up from 55% to 64.5% in this period of time (World tribe Prospects, Volume III).As overall rate of young population decrease while the rate of old people increase the rate of colony too will rise. During the period of 2005 2050, in the developed countries, the ratio rate of dependence per 100 working person rise from 47.7 to 71.2. This will obviously cause in colony problem for people with age over 65 since the number of working population compare to retired people is decreasing. In contrast, ratios of dependency per working people in the less-developed area drop from 81.8 to 55.1 which means, children in these regions are stepping into viable stage while old (retired) dies (World Population Prospects, Volume III).The dependency rate not only affects peoples living, but it also affects economic performance. If the populations of workable people increase, the income per capita of th is group will too rise. In the less developed countries, economic growths are effected by growing of working-age population (World Population Prospects, Volume III). As the income per capita grows, people tend to spend more which remind active economic market. In this period, the workable population boosts the rates of economic growth. However, the rates differ in developed countries. As the workable population decrease, the countries economic growth will too delay.

Students with Learning Disabilities and the Inclusive Classroom Essay

All teachers dream of the schoolroom filled with fifteen tranquil, ardent students, all with their note books out and pencils prompt for note taking. This is the classroom where everyone deeds together, at the same pace, and without any interruptions or distractions. This is the ideal classroom setting. The alone problem with this picture is that it does not exist. Students are all different. Kids all discover different ways, and at varying paces. Both Physical and Learning Disabilities rear hinder a childs learning speed and take for them back from the rest of the class. It can be very difficult to chance on a child with a learning disability because students can lots be misunderstood and labeled as unmotivated and lazy. These students are lots ignored and not given enough individual attention, and therefore they receive difficulty and frustration all throughout their education. dogma students with learning disabilities takes a knowledgeable and understanding teach er and a lot requires adaptation of the curriculum. The education of these students often needs so much constant attention and fine adjust if they are to succeed, (Mather, 3) that they hold the rest of the class back. It is these cases that students should seek an adaptive classroom program and individual attention to work on their problematic areas. The tin line is these students cannot be allowed to fall through the cracks of our educational system. They need demonstrable reinforcement and individual attention so that they are confident in class and productive when they do their work. The spectrum of learning disabilities is huge, and because there are so many varying degrees of these diseases all children respond differently to them. It take... ... Perceptions of a first-year Teacher. The Journal of Special Education. 33.2 (2001) 92-99.Hardin, Brent and Hardin, Marie. Into the Mainstream Practical Strategies for Teaching in comprehensive Environments. The Clearing House. 75.4 (2002) 175. Mather, Nancy and Goldstein, Sam. Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviors. Paul H. Brooks produce Company, Baltimore, MD. 2001. Teaching Children with Attention Deficit Disorder. Kid Source Online, www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/add.html (5 October 2003).*Wallace, Gerald. Teaching Children with Learning Problems. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co. Columbus, OH. 1973. Wedell, Klaus. All Teachers Should be teachers for Special Needs But is it Possible? British Journal of Special Education. 29.3 (2002) 151. * Works used but not cited

P2P File-Sharing Essays -- Computers Software Technology Essays

P2P File-SharingINTRODUCTIONTechnology is moving at an ever-increasing rate, which faces us with many new issues as we move into a digital age. Gone atomic number 18 the days where property and transactions were physically actual. A medium of an electronic nature is right off todays preferred choice as opposed to traditional means. This new electronic medium is hardly tangible yet it is becoming more pervasive in our lives. So what incisively are some of these technologies and issues associated with them? This paper depart come along into both the national and the international issues associated with MP3 and Peer-to-Peer technologies over the Internet. So what started the big fuss associated with Peer-to-Peer technologies like Napster? We will begin by looking at the original motivation git Internet saddle sharing software. Enter MP3.The MP3 CrazeThe term MP3 is now a household name. The technology is widely known and can be found in a multitude of software as phonate as i n dedicated playback devices. However, MP3s were non widely known until 1998 when a free windows based player named Winamp was released 1. Lets take a brief look at how MP3s came to be.MP3 is shorthand for MPEG-Layer 3, which stands for the Moving Picture Experts Group, Audio Layer troika 1. The MP3 compression algorithm was developed by the Fraunhofer Institut in Erlangen, Germany during the mid-1980s 1. For those who are not already familiar with the technology, MP3 encoding essentially compresses a large sound file into a much smaller file with little evident sound degradation. Standard compression reduces the size of a sound file by ten times, which results in files that are approximately 1 MB per minute 2. This proved to be a powerful tool, especially as the Internet... ...tory.cfm?id=70.RIAA FAQ On Napster and Digital Music. RIAA.org. .Sax, Jodi, Recording Artists Speak Out On Napster, February 2001, .Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric. Napster Dividing Artists From Prince 2 Dave Matthews. MTV.com News. 2 Mar. 2001 .Smith, Seagrumn. From Napster to Kazaa The Battle Over Peer-To-Peer File Sharing Goes International. Duke Law. 28 Mar. 2003 .Spinello, Richard A. Frameworks for respectable Analysis. Chapter 2 of Ethical Aspect of Information Technology (Prentice Hall) 1 Jan. 1995Yang, Beverly., Garcia-Molina, Hector., equivalence Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Systems. Technical Report, Stanford University. Feb. 2001

Analysis of Oh, my love is like a red, red rose, by Robert Burns Essays

Robert fire has created many magnificent poems besides the most charming, is Oh, my love is like a rubor, red rose. This poem is the essence of all his artistic creativity. He has a particular merit because relying on folklore and the dialect of his country he created a modern art that does not only belong to the farming of his country but all over the world culture. With his genius, ruin fascinates the commentator by transforming Scottish folk songs into marvelous poems. With sweet music in his heart, the poet-speaker writes about a young woman who he loved beyond measures. On the background of amazing music, Robert burn, plants a red, red rose on the heart of the subscriber. It looks like this lyric is written by a vibration pen that is not under Burns command but under a magic power of an emotional vibration, which sources automatically from an bewitching sense of spirituality. Without such vibration, Burns could not choose any devise to create his immortal lyric. Th e secrets of this fascinating lyric can be observe in the light of a literary analysis of four stanzas, and the literary interpretation of every gleaning word.The often- employ first line makes the reader more known with poem. The speakers love is expressed through two similes his love is compared to a red, red rose and the nisus (1, 3). The speaker echoes his sentiments by reinforcing two above similes with the phrases Thats newly and Thats sweetly (2, 4). Obviously, the color red is a token of passionate love and used in the form of alliteration such a red, red rose it shows how strong is the speakers skin perceptiveness (1). Its appeal over time and comparison with the loved woman gives the reader the possibility to discover the speakers pleasant ways on art... ...essly is distinguished that Burns brings to the reader a breathing red, red, rose that shoot its aroma in air of Scotland of that time. In addition, it is easy to see that Burns admires the folklore of his coun try, and classic writer and with an innate realism and so sweet melody becomes one the best representative of naturalism and romance. A detailed literary analyze shows how the word choose, rhythm and a figurative languages are used skillfully in closed form to create a masterpiece. These elements of literary analyses and Burns ideas make him belong to extraordinary school of romanticism. Work Cited Burns Roberti. Oh, my love is like a red, red rose Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. alliance 7th ed. Boston Wadsworth, 2011.818. Print.

The Controversy Over Internet Censorship Essay example -- Television M

The Controversy Over Internet Censorship For many people, development the Internet has become practically a new way of life, specially for college students and the like. Various types of information evoke be gatewayed at the touch of a button anything from encyclopedias, to surveys and essays, to articles from magazines, and adult sites. Anyone who pays for their Internet service is usually offered space for his or her own weave page, and even many free services pop the question space for personal web pages. All of this available space finish be used for any number of reasons posting newsletters for community groups, advertize for businesses, or just voicing ones opinion. For those of us who endure how to use this information, or at least how to find what we need start of it, its a very good thing. moreover what about children? If adults can access this information with such ease, whats stopping kids from checking it out likewise? Who decides whats appropriate for kids an d whats not when their parents arent constantly argument over their shoulders? And what about posting things that whitethorn be offensive to opposite people, no matter what age they might be? With easy access to the Internet and the multitude of Internet services providing all this free web space, many people decide to take advantage. A person may have a very strong opinion about a subject and feel the need to voice that opinion on a personal web site, whether it is for the purpose of talking about his or her self, or informing others of a particular issue. What happens when its an opinion that some call in is funny, yet others find hurtful and offensive? Can sites like this be censored in order not to offend people? But what about the people who find it amusing? Isnt t... ...hould take in to consideration the thoughts and feelings of others who may be offended, and should also be aware of the wreak their information can have on children and others. Works Cited Legislation t o annihilate the Internet Censorship Provisions of the Communications Decency Act. electronic Privacy entropy Center. 19 Jan. 1997. Is There a Right to Speech that Advocates Illegal Acts or Violence? Electronic Frontier Foundation. Racist Speech on College Campuses. Electronic Frontier Foundation. shortcomingriott, Michel. Rising Tide Sites Born of Hate. New York Times. 18 Mar 1999.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

For years ever since some of the gentleman has been alter, the set up of pollution have plagued nations alike. Acid rain is one of the largest contributors to this industrialized form of pollution. Through turn out this report an explanation of the devastating effects to the purlieu caused by acid rain will be given on with what is being done to stop it. Acid rain is made when pollutants renegade from the use of coal in the production of electricity, from base- metal smelting and from fuel fire in vehicles. Once the sulfur and north oxides from these man made causes are released into the air they are caught by wind currents and are blown hundreds of miles away. The gasconade pollutants drift along with clouds until the rain eventually converts the sulfuric dioxide into sulfuric acid, and the nitrogen oxide into nitric acid. The newly transformed acid rain, acid snow or fog, falls to the earth where the effects on aquatic habitats, humans, animals, trees, crops, and other forms of put life are devastating. When acid rain comes in contact with aquatic ecosystems the chemistry of the effects understructure be extremely complex. If one species or group of species changes or dies out in response to the acid rain, thus the whole total body of water, especially in lakes, is affected done the predator- prey relationship of the food web. In some places where the acid alluviation falls, natural substances absorb and neutralize the acid but in most places they build up and the water becomes as sour as crumb juice. In these instances the chance of a food web being stop are more likely to happen. When the sour of the water is around the ph level of 6.0 fish cannot lay eggs. When they cant reproduce and the acidity level grows then the fish out, and when in lakes are extremely concentrated to be replaced. Around this acidity level plants also die out and are poisoned. Insects no longer have a food fount and soon they are gone. The water fowl and other birds in the domain that fed on fish and insects no longer have a food source and they are the next to go. As the whole entire food web come toppling down the aquatic ecosystems become restfully quiet as a grave. Acid rain also effects crops and other plant life. Surprisingly though acid rain can actually help out some crops such as strawberries, corn, and tomatoes.

birthmark Essay -- essays research papers

Birthmarks, are they a sign of imperfection or not? are they a curse or something special? In the 1840s when this level The Birthmark was written the social beliefs were heavily influenced by the Puritan organized religion. It was believed that religion was the answer to all problems which left no room for science, the two were wholly incompatible. Another puritan belief was in the biblical creation surmise which was basically that god created the earth, he was responsible for giving life and the pickings it away. Science on the other hand, had to have everything condoneed in minuet detail, but when you explain away the magic you tend to destroy things. In the story the married woman was perfect in every way except one she had a little mark on her cheek. Some said she had been...

Manipulation of Truth in Oliver Stones JFK Essay -- essays research p

Manipulation of the true in Oliver collierys JFKOliver tilt is a master of manipulation. Being an expert in the prowess of directing, Stone is able to work an consultation hope whatsoever he wishes. In the 1991 enter JFK, Oliver Stone manipulates facts in order to ext closing curtain a fictional conspiracy involving the assassination of John F. Kennedy. The Zapruder film and the invocation bullet theory are two facts that Stone employs to trick the audience into believing his fabricated tale.Stone unfolds this film through the eyes of Jim Garrison, the territorial dominion attorney of New Orleans, who believes that there is more to the assassination than what has been presented in the past. Although three years have gone by since the certainty of the trial, Garrison feels personally obligated to uncover classified information that will prove a complex government coup detat. Garrisons idea that the United States government is someways related to Kennedys assassinatio n is first seen in the opening of the film. Stone flashes scenes from the Zapruder film (an eight millimeter live video of the shooting) where he mutes the original audio sounds and replaces them with ceremonial music, representative of the United States government. Being that the Zapruder film is a contribution of documented evidence a general audience does non psyche its validity. This replacement of sound is a conscious attempt to foreshadow the conclusion that Stone wants the audience to come to at the end of the film. By linking unneurotic visual images of the assassination with military music, Stone sends a subliminal message that two are somehow related. In reality, this connection is nothing more than a fictional interpretation contrived by Oliver Stone. Where does reality end and fiction begin in Garrisons conspiracy theory? This is a brain that one must ask themselves before viewing the final result of JFK. The final element of the movie is made up of an intense an d capture courtroom scene. It is here where Garrison culminates the entirety of his speculations and presents them in front of a court of law. Are Garrisons suppositions valid, or is it the way in which he presents these conjectures that makes them pop out to be true? Garrisons passionate and charismatic rhetoric makes his accusations exce... ... righteousness in the name of their former president. Testimonies from witness present at the assassination, in reality, do not exist. Because of the emotional high being experienced, viewing audience do not take the time to separate what is fact in Garrisons testimony from what is fiction. Stone successfully uses his final presentation of the factual Zapruder film to coerce a majority of both audiences into believing his contrived tale. Oliver Stone incorporates facts much(prenominal) as the Zapruder film and the magic bullet theory into his 1991 film, JFK. This film is not mean to be a documentary, but rater a persuasive work of art that uses facts in order to convey fiction. Being a master of manipulation, Stone is able to alter the way in which he presents these facts, causing viewers to believe that there is a conspiracy involving the Kennedy assassination. By using techniques such as replacement of sound and repetition of footage, Oliver Stone forces viewers to make false connections and experience intense emotions. Through careful manipulation of evidence in JFK, Stone successfully persuades a majority of viewers to believe an ultimately fictional conspiracy.

A Psychoanalytic Analysis of Pretty Woman Essay -- Movie Film Essays

A Psychoanalytic Analysis of Pretty WomanIn the instauration to his book, The towering Object of Ideology, Slavoj Zizek acquaints readers with his books tripartite aim. He plans, among another(prenominal) things, to illustrate concepts fundamental to Lacanian psychoanalysis an intention which will serve to gain ground his more ambitious goal to reactualize Hegelian dialectics by giving it a new reading in the light of Lacanian psychoanalysis and to contribute to the possibility of ideology via a new reading of almost well- hunch forwardn definitive motifs (7). In this broad category of classical motifs associated with the theory of ideology, I father isolated both fetishism and the commodity-form and intend to briefly illustrate some of these concepts against the backdrop of the movie Pretty Woman -- a popular rags-to-riches wild-eyed comedy from 1990. Looking through the prism of Lacan and Marx, Zizek brands us as fetishists in practice, not in theory he posits that we d o not know or we misrecognize the fact that in our kindly reality itself, in our social activity in the act of commodity exchange we are manoeuver by the fetishistic illusion (31). Amidst this discussion on ideology, Zizek highlights one of the most noteworthy differences between Marx and Lacan In the predominant Marxist perspective the ideological discern is a partial gaze overlooking the totality of social relations, whereas in the Lacanian perspective ideology rather designates a totality set on effacing the traces of its own impossibility. (49) This difference corresponds to the one that distinguishes the Marxian from the Freudian notion of fetishism In the former, a fetish conceals the positive network of social relations, whereas in the latter(prenominal) a fet... ...difficult to let go of something so stunning. The movie is jam-packed full of such(prenominal) desirable somethings -- potentially fetishized objects which characters use in an effort to compensate for a lack in their lives cash, a silver Lotus, clothes from Rodeo Drive, a ad hominem jet, the kill of a hostile takeover, or the company of a beautiful woman. In the movies conclusion, Edward does go through with the jewelry-return he does not leave can buoy the ruby-haired Vivian, though, and the audience receives their happy ending perhaps a fetish in its own right. Works CitedThe Internet Movie Database Ltd. (An Amazon.com company.) http//us.imdb.com Accessed 11 November 1998. Pretty Woman. Dir. Garry Marshall. With Richard Gere and Julia Roberts. Touchstone, 1990. Zizek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London Verso, 1989.

Outline for Paper on The Importance of Accelerated Reading

A. Purpose of the Study Reading is the motivated and argent coordination of word recognition and comprehension (Leipzig 2001). In the educational system, students are supercharge to read books beca purpose of the belief that one becomes better at a accomplishment based on the amount of time dedicated to that particular skill. Pupils moldiness practice the skill learned and receive frequent feedback (Samuel and Wu). Practice is virtually effectual when it is individualized and accompanied with instruction (Renaissance Learning Inc 2007). Individualized practice, allows the pupil to work at his/her individual ability. It challenges the pupil instead of frustrating him/her. quicken Reader (AR) curriculum provides individualize practice to apiece pupil to increase academic success. The purpose of this study is to examine the affect of AR on first degree students comprehension scores on the End of the grade Assessment.B. Significance/Importance of the StudyAccelerated Reader is a course of study used in several schools in the United States with the belief that each child has a prescribed practice based on hi/her reading ability. AR program is usually used in gain to the schools core Reading Text. The AR program is give tongue to to increase students reading skills and reduce achievement gaps (Advance Learning System 1997). The program is a computer software that allows students to read a textbook and whence take a computerize quiz on that textbook. Students are accordingly given an nimble feedback of their score. It allows students the opportunity to view the items that were marked incorrect. Researchers believe that immediate feedback is very important for student achievement (Samuels and Wu). Being that many of our schools use AR, it is safe to assume several believe ... ...lace a sticker beside to his or her name on the chart in the classroom, which will be visible to all. The researcher will also monitor the students progress on AR. The resear cher will have bi-weekly discussion with the teachers regarding students progress. At a later on time, students will take the EOYA. The researcher will follow the same use that was followed for the MYA.F.Research Questions/HypothesisDoes the use of AR increase first grade comprehension scores on the End of the Year Assessment?G.Methods of information AnalysisThe researcher will record the raw scores and gauge the standard deviation for both the pretest and the posttest. A dependent T-Test will be used at the .05 level of confidence to decide if there is statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the two tests given.

The Fashion of Whiskers in Victorian England Essay -- Victorian Era Fa

Whiskers A Growing FashionPrior to the Victorian era, men in England maintained cleanly shaven faces. With the mid-eighteen hundreds came a widespread shift toward facial whisker in a multitude of styles (Camellia). The ability to grow whiskers began to be regarded as a sign of manhood. In pictures and photographs from the era, it is rare to find a male, past the age of manhood, depicted without facial hair in rough capacity. As the century continued, the preferred style of facial hair grew more and more longer, bushier, and more pronounced (Nunn), but it remained stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and descriptions (Camellia).Whiskers of all types adorned the faces of Victorian men, from lissom side-whiskers to full, bushy beards in accompaniment with thick mustaches.During the nineteenth century, side-whiskers, germ as short sideburns, were allowed to grow further down the face (Nunn) and certain into a variety of styles. Mutton-chops, side whiskers that are nar row at the temple, broad along the lower cheek or jawline, and separated by a shaven chi...

E-commerce Essay -- Business and Management Studies

E- tradeExplain what is meant by the term E-commerce.It is the conducting of course communication and relationss everyplacenetworks and by dint of computers. As most restrictively defined,electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services,and the transfer of funds, through digital communications. However ECalso includes altogether inter-company and intra-company functions (such asmarketing, finance, manufacturing, selling, and negotiation) thatenable commerce and use electronic mail, EDI, file transfer, fax,video conferencing, workflow, or interaction with a remote computer. Electronic commerce also includes buying and selling over the Web,electronic funds transfer, smart cards, digital cash (e.g. Mondex),and all former(a) ways of doing business over digital networks.Assess the advantages and disadvantages of E- Commerce developmentsystems.Both the consumer and the supplier of a product can benefit from when development Electronic Commerce many obvious advantage s. The consumer canbrowse through a whole shopping mall from the comfort of his or her consume home, and products can be purchased and delivered right to theirhome. E-Commerce removes the hassle of crowds and line-ups from theconsumers routine.The supplier has the advantage of property their store open twenty fourhours a day, seven long time a week - without having to hire the staff tomaintain it which saves a apportion of money which means they can focus onbetter prices for their products and great profits. The Internetopens up the customer base widely, allowing many customers theopportunity to imagine their product.First, businesses can communicate with customers easily. The businesscan receive and send e-mails from/to customers. This allows customersto apace get in contact with the business. This can also be do tosuppliers is well. This means that the business provide forge closerrelationships with customers and suppliers. In addition, e-commerce allows customers to pres ent at the businessesproducts from their home. This means that customers leave alone be able tolook or buy the product at any time rather than altogether when they goshopping. Also with the business being on the internet it will meanthat that the business will be able to aim their will be easy to attack and that more people can go to their product. Moreover, it is said that trad... ...First, c areful design of documentation will aid the ginmill ofunintentional errors in recording and processing.Besides, the accurate processing of a transaction document requiresthose responsible to carry out the organisations procedurescorrectly. These should be specified in a procedures manual.Furthermore, separation of functions is aimed at embarrassing fraud. Ifa genius member of staff were to be in charge of carrying out all theprocedures connected with a transaction then it would be possible, andmight be allure, for that person to create fraudulent transactions. When these functions are separated and placed in the hands ofdifferent individuals, fraud may still be tempting but will be lesspossible.A business relies on its personnel. So, personnel must be selected andtrained effectively to ensure that they are competent to carry out thetasks required of them.Also, physical controls may be used as a preventive measure avoidingillegal outrage of assets such as cash is to exclude staff fromunnecessary access to these assets. A range of physical controls maybe used to prevent access locks, safes, and stout doors are obviousmethods.

Smitty :: essays research papers

how-do-you-do my name is R, I had been running track all through richly school and am just about to start my senior season. I had never been great, that good enough to make states last course in the 100 meter dash. Up until this year (When I transferred to Newark later 3 years at Hodgson) our only go-cartes were only temporary or who only coached track because they needed some more(prenominal) spending currency on their paycheck. Some were even athletes themselves before they let themselves go and instanter wanted to relive their fantasies of victory through our sticky work and sweat.This pass though, events will change. I have an experienced track coach who has championships to sanction it and also cares of his athletes as if they were his children. He had run track in two high school and college but chose to be a coach for the issue on the sport. His name is Smitty (as though we call him) and he was my ideal coach and person since he obviously was better at it than a ny of my some otherwise coaches. Not only that, but he has more passion than anyone else on the team and all my other coaches. Add to that the fact that he was more successful than most of the coaches in the state in sending athletes to college. He is also a very stern coach that comes with extremely hard workouts. If he hadnt been one of the nicest and most helpful people in the domain of a function things might have gotten ugly between him and I very cursorily because at Hodgson I didnt practice much. Instead, he became one of my trump friends, as well as part of my family.I dont know on the dot why, but Smitty seemed to make me his special project for the season( Calling me the next Brandon Reeves). From the commencement exercise day of meeting him he pushed me harder than anyone else, spent more time with me and make trustworthy that I pushed myself. by chance it was because I ran the same distances he ran, but then again so did a few of the other guys. Maybe it was beca use he saw something in me that none of the other coaches had. I wasnt sure what it was, but at times I enjoyed the special(a) attention, on the other hand I am sure that I will hatred it when he makes me run the extra distance or work extra hard.

Adventure story :: Free Essay Writer

Long ago, there was a newly trained warrior from across the seas of Antonica, the race of the forgotten iksar macrocosm newly re-discovered had begun the life of one iksar. This neophyte warriors name was Lyzzard. Lyzzard trained immaterial of his hometown killing scorpions and scaled wolf pups until he gained the level of 5. At this cadence he was getting bored of the creatures that inhabited the outside nation of the render of Cabilis and noniced that the road lead down into a pit. When Lyzzard pertinacious he should go and check out this new land he had not seen before, he knew there could be some dangers in going. Though he knew, his warrior instinct dared him to ignore it. He followed the road down into what was know around the Feild of Bone as "The pit", and down there he power saw that it was just as he hoped... many things to kill and fight. He fought a scaled wolf hunter and barely survived, he then decided that he needed a cooperator for this task of bec oming a champion mightier than all other races. He found a partner in Jettlizzy the monk and Chleu the shaman which were at his level of training. After acheiving the seventh level of training, he decided to go off to explore on his own down in the pit. He walked around for what seemed like years along the walls of the pit, but he soon found out that he would have been better off waiting until he reached a high level of training before he should have went off exploring. He walked upon some bones, which his instructor had told him about, of a dragon. He was told to be weary of the area where bones of a large creature come up from the solid ground with a large skull with sharp teeth lay.Lyzzard being daring as he was decided to ignore the warnings and search the area. After a some moments of arriving at the area, he found himself up against a creature that would sort his life forever. This creature was a Badger looking creature known to most people as a Burnyia. Lyzzard drew his Fine sword Two handed sword and attempted to destroy that of which had attacked him. He swung and swung with the feriousity of a warrior with nothing to lose and missed too many times.